# Shardeum Quiz ![[nl3bUPduEQFMMM3H3s9IW.jpeg]] >[!abstract] Tag > #Shardeum #Testnet_TIR_1 --- > [!info] > *Shardeum* — это линейно масштабируемая платформа смарт-контрактов на основе EVM, которая навсегда обеспечивает низкую плату за газ, сохраняя при этом настоящую децентрализацию и надежную безопасность благодаря динамическому сегментированию состояния. > > Shardeum стремится стать сетью, способной привлечь более миллиарда человек к блокчейну и криптореволюции. Shardeum, как и Интернет, будет открытым, совместным и управляемым сообществом. > > Shardeum станет инфраструктурой, на которой будет построена следующая итерация Интернета, Web3. --- >[!note] >*Sharding* — это будущее масштабируемости Ethereum, и это будет ключом к тому, чтобы помочь экосистеме поддерживать многие тысячи транзакций в секунду и позволить большим частям мира регулярно использовать платформу по доступной цене. Тем не менее, это также одна из самых неправильно понятых концепций в экосистеме Ethereum и в экосистемах блокчейнов в более широком смысле. Он относится к очень специфическому набору идей с очень специфическими свойствами, но его часто смешивают с методами, которые имеют очень разные и часто гораздо более слабые свойства безопасности. Целью этого поста будет точно объяснить, какие конкретные свойства обеспечивает сегментирование, чем оно отличается от других технологий, не являющихся сегментами, и на какие жертвы приходится идти сегментированной системе для достижения этих свойств. (c) Vitalik Buterin ___ Это все интересно, но не нам. Мы тут не за технологиями, а за прибылью, тем более, что система шардинга - не новая. Прямые конкуренты *Shardeum- Harmony/Near/Elrond Что интересно нам? И почему же тогда нужно обратить внимание именно на этот проект? *Первыми причинами будут команда и социалка проекта:* ### CEO проекта и фаундер. *Нишал Шетти* — основатель и генеральный директор WazirX, крупнейшей в Индии криптобиржи с 12+ миллионами пользователей. Нишаль — уважаемый предприниматель с более чем десятилетним опытом построения и масштабирования глобальных продуктов из Индии. Инженер-программист по образованию, Нишаль, также, основал Crowdfire — веб-службу управления социальными сетями с количеством пользователей более 20 миллионов в прошлом. Предыдущие успехи привели его в список Forbes «30 моложе 30». Страстный блокчейн-евангелист, Нишаль активно работает в индийском криптопространстве с момента его основания. Миссия Нишаля заключалась в том, чтобы сделать криптовалюту доступной для каждого индийца. Он, также, выступает за позитивное регулирование криптовалют в Индии с помощью своей кампании в Твиттере *IndiaWantsCrypto* на протяжении более 1000 дней. --- ### Второй фаундер. *Омар Сайед* — блокчейн-архитектор, который в 2017 году организовал проект Shardus для построения линейно масштабируемого блокчейна. За последние три десятилетия Омар помогал крупным организациям, таким как NASA, Yahoo и Zynga, что создают масштабируемые, отказоустойчивые распределенные системы. Омар получил степень бакалавра и магистра наук в Университете Кейс Вестерн Резерв со специализацией в области искусственного интеллекта. Он участвовал в нескольких стартапах, в том числе в создании первого сайта знакомств и первого сайта по анализу сентимента рынка акций. Вместе со своим сыном Аамиром, Омар изобрел настольную стратегическую игру "Arimaa", и предложил приз Arimaa Challenge Prize для продвижения прорывных исследований в области искусственного интеллекта. Долгосрочное видение Омара - это мир, где каждый человек получает безусловный базовый доход, основанный на стабильной криптовалюте, чтобы нищета и голод были полностью побеждены. --- Также не можем не отметить, что большое количество ангелов проекта - это известные ребята в Индии с огромным охватом аудитории в разных сферах.  Shardeum собрали 18.2 млн$ со средних ребят, что уже хороший результат, но в планах было 200 млн. А затем еще [5.4 млн](https://whypay.ru/shardeum-osnovatelya-wazirx-zavershaet-raund-strategicheskogo-finansirovaniya-na-54-milliona-dollarov/) --- ### Токеномика проекта выглядит очень привлекательно: **51%** уйдет на награды валидаторов и держателей нод. **18%** продадут в различных сейлах с локом. **15%** отойдёт команде с локом. **11%** фондам.  Как видим, очень щедрая доля направлена на аирдроп, и это даёт мотивацию покликать и поклацать в тестнет. --- #### Основной тестнет не работает, но мы с вами можем успеть сделать Quiz на получение NFT. Переходим на [сайт](https://shardeum.org/explore/blockchain-grandmaster-quiz/) и кликаем *Claim Your NFT* ![[Pasted image 20240123152308.png]] --- Подключаем кошелек ![[Pasted image 20240123152524.png]] Меняем сеть на сеть Shardeum. ![[Pasted image 20240123162550.png]] --- Выбираем первый пункт - верификация Email. ![[Pasted image 20240123162644.png]] В раскрывшемся окне вводим свой Email и жмем *Submit* Далее заходим на нашу почту, открываем письмо от Bandit Network и подтверждаем верификацию!!! ![[Pasted image 20240123152827.png]] --- #### Quiz Далее, переходим к самому квизу. Открываем Level 1, переходим по [ссылке](https://shardeum.org/explore/blockchain-grandmaster-quiz/level-1-blockchain-technology/) ![[Pasted image 20240123153116.png]] ![[Pasted image 20240123153209.png]] --- Нажимаем Start. ![[Pasted image 20240123153350.png]] --- В каждом уровне у нас будет 10 вопросов и 10 минут. Вопросы появляются рандомно, читайте вопросы и ответы, будьте внимательны. ![[Pasted image 20240123153443.png]] --- #### Level 1 1. What type of digital ledger and database is blockchain technology? *Ответ:* Permissionless/Decentralized & DLT 2. What is the unique identifier for a block in a blockchain called? *Ответ:* Block Hash 3. Nonces in --- network are used to create unique identifiers for transactions to prevent double-spending/replay attacks but are NOT used to determine the selection of validators. *Ответ:* All of the above 4. Which of the following is not a decentralized/public blockchain network? *Ответ:* Hyperledger Fabric 5. Which of the following best describes a "block" in a blockchain? *Ответ:* A group of transactions ordered, validated, confirmed and added to a blockchain 6. What is the core problem that blockchain solves? *Ответ:* Secure data validation and storage without a 3rd party 7. Which of the following represent the bedrock principles of a public blockchain? *Ответ:* Decentralization, Security, Immutability & Transparency 8. Which of the following is a layer 1 blockchain platform/network? *Ответ:* Ethereum 9. What is the purpose of a merkle tree in a blockchain? *Ответ:* All of the above 10. Which of the following is NOT a consensus mechanism used in typical blockchain networks? *Ответ:* Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) После прохождения уровня, заполняем табличку - вводим Имя, Email, который мы вводили в первом шаге, страну и адрес нашего кошелька. ![[Pasted image 20240123154752.png]] ![[Pasted image 20240123154900.png]] Видим, что мы прошли наш квиз на 100% - отлично, можно переходить к следующему уровню. ![[Pasted image 20240123155453.png]] По сути все действия идентичны, заходим в квиз - отвечаем на вопросы, заполняем таблицу, убеждаемся, что наш Score 100%, переходим к следующему. #### Level 2 1. Which decentralized technology allows users to access web content and services without relying on traditional domain names and centralized DNS? *Ответ:* D. IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) 2. Which of the following is the primary benefit of decentralization in the context of censorship resistance? *Ответ:* C. Reduced reliance on intermediaries  3. What are three primary types of blockchain clients? *Ответ:* A. Lightweight or SPV clients, Full clients, and Archive clients 4. Which of the following does NOT represent decentralization in the Decentralized Finance or DeFi industry? *Ответ:* B. Stability and security enabled by banks 5. What is the benefit of decentralization in blockchain networks? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 6. Which blockchain consensus mechanism promotes decentralization by allowing any participant to contribute to the network's security and governance, albeit, by using expensive and powerful hardware? *Ответ:* A. Proof of Work (PoW) 7. Which of the following best describes how decentralization operates in blockchain networks? *Ответ:* B. By distributing control and resources among many unrelated nodes across the world 8. Which is the most significant indicator of a highly decentralized blockchain/Web3 network? *Ответ:* C. Network with several independent nodes spread across the world 9. Which of the following best describes a blockchain “client”? *Ответ:* C. Software that enables interaction with a blockchain while upholding the network's operational protocols 10. Which of the following is what makes it possible for a group of strangers to work together to build and maintain a shared database like blockchain, without needing to trust each other? *Ответ:* D. Consensus mechanism #### Level 3 1. Asides from hashing, which other key cryptographic method does blockchain technology employ to ensure that data doesn’t change during the broadcast of validated transactions between nodes and throughout all blockchain transactions for that matter? *Ответ:* C. Digital signatures 2. Beyond the consensus mechanism, which of the below is the most ideal technique sharded blockchains can employ to maintain the high security levels that public blockchains are known for? *Ответ:* A. Auto-rotation of nodes 3. Consider a malicious attacker creating multiple pseudonymous identities by taking control over a node or group of nodes. These nodes are then used to spread misinformation, disrupt consensus, or attempt to influence the network's decisions. What is the nefarious act known as in the context of blockchain? *Ответ:* A. Sybil attack 4. As modern blockchain networks strive to reduce transaction fees, which attack type lets attackers cheaply flood the network with low cost requests to slow/disrupt it? *Ответ:* D. DDoS attack 5. How can Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks, such as Ethereum, achieve a security level comparable to that of Proof-of-Work (PoW) networks like Bitcoin? *Ответ:* B. Through a system where validators stake assets as collateral 6. Safe deposit boxes (or bank lockers) are secured by a key that only the owner (custodians like banks) have access to. Similarly, what protects digital assets owned by users themselves on a blockchain? *Ответ:* C. A pair of public and private keys  7. Which term is commonly associated with the practice of prioritizing certain transactions on a blockchain by reordering them for potential financial gains, especially in the context of DeFi platforms? *Ответ:* C. MEV (Miner Extractable Value) 8. Which is the most battle-tested, highly secure hashing algorithm used by various blockchain networks to handle transactions and record data? *Ответ:* D. SHA-2 and SHA-3 9. Why do experts often emphasize addressing security issues at Layer 1 of a blockchain rather than relying solely on Layer 2 blockchains and other scaling solutions? *Ответ:* C. Layer 1s is the foundational layer known to provide a very high level of security and decentralization, benefitting the entire network and all dapps built upon it 10. What is the primary reason for keeping a safe backup of your passphrase (or seed phrase/backup codes) when using blockchain wallets, even though other security measures mentioned here may also apply? *Ответ:* A. To recover your account if you lose your private keys #### Level 4 1. In the Ethereum blockchain, if someone were describing the overall structure and various levels of data organization, which of the following statements is accurate? *Ответ:* C. The 'Global State' represents the entire state of the blockchain at a given moment, the 'Current State' emphasizes its latest status, the 'Account State' pertains to individual balances, nonces, and related data for Ethereum addresses, and the 'Contract State' refers to the specific code and storage for smart contracts 2. What type of blockchain network or platform allows anyone to participate in running nodes, anyone can read from or write to and is permissionless? *Ответ:* C. Public blockchain 3. What is the role of Virtual Machines like Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) in blockchain architecture? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 4. What is the primary purpose of a smart contract in a blockchain network? *Ответ:* D. Automatically executing predefined instructions when specific conditions are met 5. Choose the correct answer. Which consensus algorithms are used by L1 blockchains, Bitcoin and Ethereum respectively? *Ответ:* B. Bitcoin - Proof of Work (PoW), Ethereum - Proof of Stake (PoS) 6. In which layer of blockchain architecture do smart contracts and dapps primarily operate while the end users directly interact with? *Ответ:* A. Application Layer 7. What is the primary purpose of improvement proposals or blockchain standards like EIP or BIP (Ethereum/Bitcoin Improvement Protocols) in the Ethereum/Bitcoin ecosystem? *Ответ:* D. B & C 8. Which statement accurately describes the relationship between ERC standards (Ethereum request for Comments) and EIPs in the Ethereum ecosystem? *Ответ:* B. ERC standards, like ERC-20 and ERC-721, are types of EIPs that specifically define token standards on Ethereum  9. Which of the following reasons explains why specialized sandbox environments called testnets or test networks are crucial for blockchain platforms? *Ответ:* C. They provide environments to simulate the blockchain network for testing purposes before deploying on the mainnet, which involves real world value 10. Which key property in blockchain helps it to achieve both these desired outcomes - high fairness and prevent double-spending? *Ответ:* A. Timestamp #### Level 5 1. Which feature addresses the potential of a public blockchain to handle increased transaction loads? *Ответ:* D. Scalability 2. Which feature ensures that transactions on the blockchain are processed quickly? *Ответ:* C. Throughput 3. Which of the following best describes the average transactions per second (TPS) comparison between a centralized network like Visa and typical public blockchain networks? *Ответ:* A. Visa processes significantly more transactions per second than public blockchain networks 4. Which of the below is an ideal and a highly decentralized solution for scalability issues in public blockchains? *Ответ:* B. Adding more low end machines/nodes 5. "Blockchain trilemma” or “Scalability trilemma," is a longstanding issue that hinders the mass adoption of blockchain networks. Which three features are encompassed by this trilemma in public blockchains? *Ответ:* A. Security, decentralization and scalability 6. In public blockchains, what permanent consequence occurs when validators fail to achieve consensus on the upcoming blocks or transactions to be appended? *Ответ:* A. The blockchain splits into two separate chains (hard fork) 7. Which feature in blockchain ensures that once a transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed? *Ответ:* D. Finality 8. What is a primary consequence of a blockchain network relying on high staking requirements and increased processing power (vertical scalability) while having limited throughput and scalability? *Ответ:* D. Network congestion leading to high and unpredictable fees for end users 9. Why is high fairness important in a blockchain network? *Ответ:* B. It prevents certain participants from gaining undue advantage by manipulating transaction order 10. Which feature of blockchain and smart contract platform represents this statement “A decentralized exchange (DEX) can be combined with a decentralized lending protocol to create a new application that allows users to borrow and lend assets while also trading them.” *Ответ:* D. Atomic Composability #### Level 6 1. What type of nodes provide an interface between traditional web browsers and IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), a decentralized storage network? *Ответ:* D. Gateway nodes 2. What type of nodes typically store the complete blockchain transaction history while maintaining the blockchain’s historical data as well? *Ответ:* C. Archive nodes 3. What is the most accurate statement with respect to consensus mechanisms in sharded blockchain networks? *Ответ:* A. Each shard reaches consensus on its own transactions 4. What type of nodes typically store the complete blockchain transaction history while maintaining the current state of the ledger? *Ответ:* D. Full nodes 5. Which of the following best describes the role of blockchain client software for nodes? *Ответ:* B. Allows nodes to operate, validate transactions, and maintain consensus on the blockchain network 6. In a blockchain network, which type of nodes provides interfaces for querying and interacting with the blockchain without the need to store the full transaction history? *Ответ:* C. RPC Nodes 7. In Filecoin, a decentralized storage platform, which type of nodes offer storage capacity, furnish cryptographic evidence of their reliable data storage, and swiftly deliver stored data to users when requested? *Ответ:* B. Storage & Retrieval nodes 8. What are nodes in a blockchain network? *Ответ:* A. Participants or computers that order, validate, relay, and store transactions and blocks in the network 9. Which nodes are primarily responsible for actively participating in the process of ordering and validating transactions, forming consensus, proposing a block, and securing the network in PoS networks? *Ответ:* B. Validator nodes 10. Which nodes are known to facilitate data transmission and propagation across PoS networks including sharded and cross-chain networks? *Ответ:* A. Relay nodes #### Level 7 1. Why are development tools/frameworks like Truffle, Hardhat and Anchor essential for blockchain development? *Ответ:* A. They are back-end tools for developers to test/deploy smart contracts and dapps seamlessly to deliver decentralized products and services for end users 2. Which of the following are considered to be part of blockchain infrastructure? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 3. Which of the following popular software clients are used for interacting with the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains respectively? *Ответ:* A. Bitcoin - Bitcoin Core, Ethereum - Geth 4. In the evolving landscape of blockchain infrastructure, how do decentralized storage networks differentiate themselves from traditional data storage mechanisms? *Ответ:* C. By fragmenting data into chunks and distributing them across nodes, ensuring redundancy and resistance to censorship without centralized control 5. How does a “wallet” primarily interface with the blockchain network? *Ответ:* B. By allowing users to create and broadcast transactions using cryptographic keys 6. What necessitated layer 2 blockchains and solutions on top of layer 1 blockchains? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 7. What is the primary role of a wallet in blockchain? *Ответ:* B. Acting as a bridge between users and the blockchain network 8. In the context of blockchain technology, what primary role do websockets play? *Ответ:* C. Real-time event listening and data updates 9. Which of the following is not considered a layer 2 solution in blockchain? *Ответ:* A. Sharding 10. Which of the following best describes the difference between on-chain and off-chain solutions in the context of blockchain technologies? *Ответ:* B. On-chain solutions pertain to data and transactions stored directly on the main blockchain, while off-chain solutions involve data and transactions processed outside of the blockchain #### Level 8 1. Which of the following best describes a complex smart contract? *Ответ:* A. A contract that autonomously performs a series of actions based on external data inputs and has multiple conditional outcomes. 2. What is the term used to refer to the fee paid by end users to execute a function in a smart contract such as transferring tokens, voting in a DAO or minting an NFT? *Ответ:* C. Gas Fee 3. Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of gas estimate and gas limit? *Ответ:* A. Gas estimate is the estimated amount of gas that a transaction will require, while gas limit is the maximum amount of gas that a user is willing to spend on a transaction 4. Which of these is NOT a use case for smart contracts? *Ответ:* B. Real-time weather updates 5. How are smart contract vulnerabilities typically exploited? *Ответ:* D. By taking advantage of poorly written contract code 6. What is the significant advantage of using oracles in smart contracts? *Ответ:* A. Allow contracts to retrieve external world data 7. What are the benefits of using smart contracts to manage supply chains? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 8. Which of the following options represent the primary challenge for smart contracts and the larger blockchain industry as a whole? *Ответ:* C. Smart contracts are vulnerable to bug and other flaws in the code resulting in security breaches and loss of funds 9. In the context of Ethereum dapp development, how is the Solidity programming language best characterized? *Ответ:* C. Smart contract programming language 10. How exactly did Ethereum elevate the potential of blockchain technology pioneered by Bitcoin? Choose the correct answer. *Ответ:* B. Ethereum revolutionized the way real-world applications function by introducing smart contracts and decentralized applications, eliminating the need for intermediaries #### Level 9 1. What is the main distinction between smart contracts and dapps (Decentralized Applications)? *Ответ:* D. Smart Contracts facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract, while dapps are the front-end interface of smart contracts 2. Which component in a dapp ensures that it can operate without a central authority? *Ответ:* C. Smart Contracts 3. Which of the following does not operate as a decentralized application (dapp)? *Ответ:* B. iPhone App Store 4. Which of the following is a use case of decentralized application (Dapp)? *Ответ:* C. Automated Market Maker (AMM) 5. How can dapps be described in terms of governance? *Ответ:* B. They are usually governed by consensus among network participants 6. Which of the following platforms does NOT function both as a Layer 1 (L1) blockchain and as a smart contract platform enabling decentralized solutions and applications for end users? *Ответ:* A. Bitcoin 7. Which term refers to a collection of smart contracts that act as a back-end with a front-end user interface? *Ответ:* A. Decentralized Application (Dapp) 8. Which layer on a L1 blockchain does smart contracts and dapps typically reside? *Ответ:* A. Smart Contracts and dapps reside in the same application layer since smart contracts are simply the backend logic for dapps 9. On which of the following factors does a dapp's performance primarily depend? *Ответ:* C. Performance of the underlying (L1) blockchain 10. In a dapp, what is the role of a 'token'? *Ответ:* D. All of the above #### Level 10 1. Why are oracles considered an important blockchain interface? *Ответ:* A. They allow blockchains and its smart contracts to interact with external data sources 2. Which of the following best describes the primary function of the MetaMask web browser extension? *Ответ:* C. A wallet interface for interacting with Ethereum-based dapps 3. Which (Ethereum) Layer-2 scaling solution utilizes zero-knowledge proofs to cryptographically ensure every transaction's correctness without requiring fraud verification windows or challenge periods? *Ответ:* D. zk-Rollups 4. __ are blockchain systems that run parallel to a “mainchain" or L1 blockchain providing a mechanism to offload transactions from the mainchain, while performing their own consensus mechanism to reduce congestion and allow for faster processing times and interoperability. *Ответ:* D. Sidechains 5. Which Ethereum Layer-2 scaling solution processes transactions off-chain assuming them to be correct unless proven otherwise requiring a dispute resolution window? *Ответ:* C. Optimistic Rollups 6. What is the common objective that blockchain bridges, atomic swaps, and synthetics aim to achieve in the Web3 ecosystem? *Ответ:* B. Facilitate seamless interactions or value transfer across different blockchains 7. What is the use case of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (zk-proofs) technology in blockchain? *Ответ:* D. All of the above 8. What role does a blockchain explorer play in the blockchain ecosystem? *Ответ:* D. It enables users to view detailed information about blocks, transactions, and addresses 9. __ platforms aggregate and interpret vast amounts of on-chain data to produce useful metrics and insights about network health, economic activity, market sentiment, and more. *Ответ:* B. On-chain Analytics 10. Which statement best describes the differences among lightweight wallets, full-node wallets, and third-party wallet applications in the context of blockchain? *Ответ:* C. Lightweight wallets don't store the entire blockchain but allow transactions, full-node wallets store and verify the entire blockchain, and third-party wallets are applications developed by external entities to manage keys and transact. --- Это было долго :) осталось чуть-чуть. Возвращаемся на страницу со списком квизов и в правом нижнем углу жмем *Sign*. Подписываем. ![[Pasted image 20240123162730.png]] Жмем *Begin* и после *Verify*, ждем пока полоска сверху заполнится зеленым цветом. ![[Pasted image 20240123162922.png]] ![[Pasted image 20240123163130.png]] ![[Pasted image 20240123163426.png]] >[!todo] Клеймим нашу нфт - на этом все :) ---