*King Edward III grants Aquitaine to his son Edward the Black Prince.* At the end of his reign, in the first decade of the fourteenth century, Edward I was forced to agree that he would not levy taxes without the consent of the realm, including the "Commons". His successor, Edward II, was a failure on the battlefield and a terrible administrator. In 1311, the New Ordinances were published, further limiting royal power. The king revoked the Ordinances in 1322, but accepted the reality that taxation required consent. In 1327, Edward II was deposed by the Lords and Commons, which helped establish Parliament as a central institution in English government. In the next decades, during the fifty-year reign of Edward III, the Commons forced the king to redress grievances before they would raise revenue for him, and forced him to accept that no money could be raised through taxes or loans without Parliament's consent. At the end of the 1340s, the Commons started meeting separately from the Lords and the knights and burgesses began electing a Speaker for their body. ----- Next: [[13.11 - Plague in China]] Back: [[13.9 - Parliament]]