#korean #grammar Covered in: [[SNU Korean Language|SNU]] 2B, Chapter 10 #ko/lesson-89 This is the introduction to casual speech (banmal, 반말). By casual, it means the non-polite form, as contrasted with the [[V-아⧸어⧸해요#Politeness Marker 요|polite form that uses 요]]. # Usage It is used: 1. Among family members - It is okay to use _with_ your parents, if your parents are okay with it… in most families this is fine - You wTould, however, use [[Honorific Speech (Korean)|honorific speech]] to talk _about_ your parents with others 2. Between friends of the same age or close friends of a similar age 3. To people younger or of lower social status than you 4. To children 5. To animals The verb to describe using banmal is “반말을 하다” (to use banmal) or “말을 놓다“ (to speak in a casual way). Informally (in slang), it is called 반모 (**반**말 **모**드, “banmal mode”). To invite someone to use banmal when speaking with you, you can say one of the following: - 반말[[V-아도⧸어도⧸해도 되다|해도 돼요]]. - 말 놓아도 돼요. - 말 놓[[V-(으)세요|으세요]]. # Statements or Questions 1. Remove ‘요’ from the [[V-아⧸어⧸해요|‘아/어 요’]] form (informal polite speech) - 먹어요 → 먹어 (I eat.) - 갔어요 → 갔어 (I went.) 2. ‘[[N이에요⧸예요|이다]]’ is changed to ‘이야’ and ‘아니다’ is changed to ‘아니야’ - 친구예요 → 친구==야== (He’s my friend.) - 학생이에요 → 학생==이야== (He’s a student.) - 아니에요 → 아니==야== (It’s not.) 3. Future tense ‘[[V-(으)ㄹ 거예요]]]’ is changed to ‘-(으)ㄹ 거야’ - 갈 거예요 → ==갈 거야== (I will go.) - 먹을 거예요 → 먹==을 거야== (I will eat.) 4. Yes is ‘응’ or ‘어’, No is ‘아니’. You don’t use 네 or 아니요. # Commands 1. Remove ‘요’ from the ‘아/어 요’ form (informal polite speech) - 오세요 → 와 (Come!) 2. For negative form, use ’-지 마’ instead of ’[[V-지 마세요]]’ - 먹지 마세요 → 먹==지 마== (Don’t eat that!) # Suggestions 1. Add ’-자’ to verb stems - 가==자== (Let’s go.) 2. Use ’-지 말자’ for negative form - 나가==지 말자== (Let’s not go out.) # Word Variation 1. 저 → 나 2. 제 → 내 3. Can refer to the listener directly (second person): 너 - 네 (너 + 의) is distinguished from 내 (나 + 의) by pronunciation. In this case, 네 is pronounced as [니] instead, while 내 is pronounced [네]. - Remember that [에] and [애] are pronounced the same. # Calling Others by Name 아/야 is attached to the name if it is a Korean name.[^1] 아 is added when there is [[Batchim|batchim]]; otherwise 야 is added. [^1]: Names of Chinese origin converted to Korean, like the one I have (or as close to it, mine is not exactly the same), is also considered a “Korean name”. | 받침 X + 야 | 받침 O + 아 | | --- | --- | | 수미 → 수미**야** | 민전 → 민전**아** | - 수미==야==, 지금 뭐해? - 민전==아==, 빨리 와! For foreign names, it is a bit strange to add 아/야, so it is simply omitted. But in either case, you will not add 씨. - 앤디, 이 책 봤어? (Andy, have you read this book?) - 스티븐, 지금 어디야? (Steven, where are you now?) A side note here is that if it is _like_ a Korean name with two syllables (say 앤디), then some people may still add the 아/야. # Referring to a Person by Name This is when you are talking about a third person, whereas the section before was about talking to someone directly. If: 1. The person is close to you **and** 2. The name is a Korean name that ends with batchim Then, you will add 이. - 수진==이는== 무슨 음식을 좋아해? (What kind of food does Sujin like?) - Speaker is asking someone else—not talking to —about what food Sujin likes. - Having the 이 implies the speaker is close to Sujin. - At the same time, the speaker is also close to the listener to use banmal with the listener. Name without batchim: 민지==는== 무슨 음식을 좋아해? # Interrogative Endings I found this in the textbook, but was not covered in class and I have never seen this form used in my lessons (but I have seen it in Duolingo). ‘-아/어’, ‘-(으)니’ , ‘-(으)냐/(으)느냐’ are interrogative endings used when speaking to social inferiors or between close friends. But ‘-(으)니’ and ‘-(으)냐/(으)느냐’ can only be used to social inferiors. - 민수 형, 어디 가? (O) - 민수 형, 어디 가니/가느냐? (X) In spoken language ‘-(으)니’ and ‘-(으)냐/(으)느냐’ become ‘-니’ and ‘-냐’: - 오늘 기분이 좋==으니==? → 좋==니==? - 날씨가 많이 추==우냐==? → 춥==냐==? - 오늘 학교에 가==느냐==? → 가==냐==?