#korean #grammar #grammar-verb #grammar-adjective #grammar-noun #written Covered in: [[SNU Korean Language|SNU]] 2B, Chapter 18 #ko/lesson-106 This form is the sentence ending form for written language: 서술체. These forms are used in newspapers or journals to express objective statements. It is also used when writing dairies or reports to describe the situation and events objectively. This is very important grammar point for SNU 3, the way [[A-(으)ㄴ]], [[V-는]], and N인 is very important for SNU 2. Meaning, it will appear in a lot of the grammar that will be covered in level 3, the way A-(으)ㄴ, V-는, and N인 have appeared in a variety of grammar points such as [[V-는 것]], [[A-(으)ㄴ⧸V-는 편이다]], [[A-(으)ㄴ데, V-는데, N인데 (1)]], and so on. # Conjugation | | | 받침 X | 받침 O | | ----------- | ---------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------- | | A (Present) | -다 (basic form) | 크다 → 크**다** | 작다 → 작**다** | | A (Past) | -았/었다 | 크다 → **컸다** | 작다 → **작았다** | | V (Present) | -는/ㄴ다 | 가다 → **간다** | 먹다 → 먹**은다** | | V (Past) | -았/었다 | 가다 → **갔다** | 먹다 → **먹었다** | | V (Future) | -(으)ㄹ 것이다 | 가다 → **갈 것이다** | 먹다 → 먹**을 것이다** | | N (Present) | (이)다 | 친구 → 친구**다** | 선생님 → 선생님**이다** | | N (Past) | 였다/이었다 | 친구 → 친구**였다** | 선생님 → 선생님**이었다** | ## 있다 and 없다 있다 and 없다 are can be both adjective and verb, though there is an interesting answer on [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/Korean/comments/8syx1o/comment/e13hc09/) about how it is such a common mistake even by native speakers that even when it is used as a verb, it has become the norm to always conjugate it as 있다 instead of 있는다. If you check out the [Naver dictionary link](https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/entry/koko/7be7a557934e4e9e9426fb407f94de27) that is linked in one of the comments above that, my understanding is that 있다 is an adjective as used in [[N에 있어요⧸없어요|N에 있다]] (when indicating the location of something), in [[N이⧸가 있어요⧸없어요|N이/가 있어요]] (describing having something), and in [[V-(으)ㄹ 수 있다⧸없다|V-(으)ㄹ 수 있다]]. So it may well be that in most cases it is used as an adjective anyway (describing a state). # Examples 1. 오늘은 친구들과 함께 시내에 ==갔다==. (Today, I went with my friends to the city.) 2. 휴일이라서 길이 많이 복잡하==다==. (The road is congested because it's a holiday.) 3. 나는 학생==이다==. (I am a student.) 4. 이것은 내 가방이 아니==다==. (This is not my bag.) - 아니다 is an adjective, like 이다. (For an example, refer to the revision notes for 2B Chapter 17/18 and 3A Chapter1/2, the page labelled 175, 연습 4, Question 3.) 5. 가을에는 단풍이 ==든다==. (Autumn has autumn foliage.) - 단풍이 들다 means to have the leaves change colour. 단풍 refers to autumn leaves. # Usage Notes 1. 않다: When it follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb (-지 않는다), but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as an adjective (-지 않다). - 나는 드라마를 좋아하==지 않는다==. (I do not like to watch dramas.) - 저 드라마는 슬프==지 않다==. (That drama is not sad.) 2. [[V-고 싶다|-고 싶다]], 필요하다, [[V-(으)ㄴ 것 같다|같다]], 좋다, and 싫다 are adjectives. 있다/없다 also are considered adjectives as they describe a state. 좋아하다, 싫어하다, 알다, 모르다 are verbs. 3. The humble form of the first person pronoun is _not_ used. 나/우리 are used in place of 저/저회 to express I/we. 4. Questions in the narrative form are rare, but to write a question in the narrative form, you use A-은/ㄴ 가?, V-는가?, N인가? - 왜 여기에는 외국인 많==은가==? (Why are there so many foreigners here?) - 왜 우리는 한경문제를 고민해다 하==는가==? (Why should we be concerned about environmental problems?) - 왜 나는 솔로==인가==? (Why am I single?) 5. While the future tense form is V-(으)ㄹ 것이다, casually, it can be contracted to V-(으)ㄹ 거다, similar to how it is done for [[V-는 것]]이에요 → V-는 거예요. - What “casually” means is still relatively unclear at this point. If I had to guess, it would be for a personal diary.