[*Christoph von Graffenried](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_von_Graffenried,_1st_Baron_of_Bernberg), John Lawson and an enslaved man as prisoners of the Tuscarora in 1711.* An English war against the [[Tuscarora]] people began when they captured a party led by explorer named [John Lawson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawson_(explorer)) in their territory. The others were released, but Lawson was tortured and executed as an enemy warrior. The Tuscarora believed Lawson was responsible for the [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Carolina]] colony's expansion into their lands. Because of historic rivalries between local tribes, the [Apalachee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee), [Catawba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_people), [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Cherokee]], and [[Yamasee]] sided with the English in this conflict. Tuscarora forts were not able to stand up against English artillery, and in a decisive battle 950 people were killed or captured and sold into [[Slavery|slavery]] in the [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Caribbean]]. When the Yamasee and the other English allies witnessed this, they attacked Charles Town, beginning the [[Yamasee War]] in 1715. After these conflicts, the surviving Tuscarora fled northward and numbers of native peoples who could be captured and enslaved was greatly diminished, so the Carolinians began importing more enslaved Africans.