An attempt begun by [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Charles II]] but implemented in 1686 by [[King James II]] to unify the administration of the New England colonies. Several colonies such as [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Notes to Fill/New Haven]] and [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Plymouth]] had no royal charter, and [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Massachusetts Bay]] had been a thorn in the king's side, refusing to allow a foothold for the [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Church of England]] and even between 1652 and 1682 producing local coinage, which the English government considered treason. Massachusetts was also not a producer of useful staples for the English economy, but instead was a rival to English shipping and trade. And quite a lot of the Massachusetts shipping and commerce was conducted In ways that violated the Navigation Acts, that England considered smuggling. 1684 the crown annulled the Massachusetts charter. King James sent Sir [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Edmund Andros]] to Boston, and later expanded his authority by adding New York and the Jerseys to the Dominion. Andros began enforcing the Navigation Acts, voided land titles, and began establishing the Anglican church. It's interesting to speculate how things might have gone in America, if the [[Dan's History Web/US 1/Topic Index/Glorious Revolution]] had not removed James from the throne and Andros from Boston.