![[Battle_of_The_Beams_.mp4]] Notes: A look at the German radar system that defeated Great Britain's first line of defense; Earth curvature --- # Characters --- ![[20240902-1.png]] Notes: Quick intro to the lads Reginald Victor Jones - 1911 - 1997 - Mil. Intel. Officer - Gathered all the pieces of circumstantial evidence and presented it to Churchill for authorization to find the alleged beams --- ![[20240827-6.png]] Notes: **Frederick Alexander Lindemann** 1886 - 1957 Personal philosophy: - Eugenics - Science - Long walks on the beach - Scientific Advisor to Churchill ![[20240827-7.png]] --- ![[20240827-8.png]] Notes: Thomas Lydwell Eckersley 1886 - 1959 Telegraphy, Radio wave propagation & Ionosphere - Published some papers on short-wave and ultra-short wave omnidirectional propagation & sky wave propagation --- ![[20240829-1.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240827-12.png]] Notes: Churchill 1874 - 1965 - Authorized the search for the beams based on all circumstantial evidence that Jones had gather - Was not convinced by the scientific argument or math --- ![[20240902-2.png]] Notes: Graticule - All projectons are equal because of the graticule - Some believe this represents a ball; 3959 - Latitude dependent optical effect due to your radius of vision; 3959 --- ![[20240902-3.png]] Notes: Which projection is the correct interpretation of reality? --- ![[20240827-5.png]] Notes: - It wasn't the technical specs or the 'science' that convinced Churchill, it was a preponderance of circumstantial evidence. - None of the academic papers cited provide any scientific evidence that supports a line of sight beam that would travel 300 to 400+ miles and remain accurate or even usable - Celestial navigation may have worked for navigational rough estimates, but in terms of dropping payloads on targets, it was off by miles. --- ![[20240827-14.png]] Notes: - **March 1940:** A He 111 from Kampfgruppe 26 was shot down, and a note recovered from it referred to a radio beacon 'Knickebein' as a navigational aid. - **Two months later:** Another He 111 from the same unit was shot down, and a diary found in the wreckage contained an entry mentioning 'Knickebein'. - **March 1940:** POWs provided information on a bombing apparatus called the X-Gerat, and one prisoner suggested that Knickebein was similar to X-Gerat but had a very narrow beam. - **5 June 1940:** An Enigma signal was intercepted and decry---pted on 9 June, mentioning 'Knickebein at Kleve'. - **June 1940:** Dr. R.V. Jones suggested the system involved a Lorenz-type beam that bombers could follow, confirmed by the sensitivity of the Lorenz 'blind-landing' receiver in He 111 aircraft. - **14 June 1940:** A POW from KG 26 provided detailed information confirming the theory that Knickebein involved two intersecting radio beams. - **18 June 1940:** Documents recovered from a crashed aircraft in France provided the coordinates of two Knickebein stations. - **20 June 1940:** A note from a POW provided matching station coordinates and frequencies for the Knickebein system. - **21 June 1940:** The Prime Minister ordered the acceptance of the existence of Knickebein and prioritized work on counter-measures. - **21-22 June 1940:** The Wireless Intelligence and Development Unit (WIDU) detected Knickebein transmissions on a frequency of 31.5 Mc/s, confirming the intersecting beam theory. - **Post-June 1940:** The other stations, frequencies, and procedures of the Knickebein system were identified, completing the initial investigation. --- ![[20240827-15.png]] Notes: 400-500 yard wide and were intersected by a second beam Ansons found the beams --- ![[20240827-16.png]] Notes: Increased accuracy of X-Gerat came from signal timing between the cross beams --- ![[20240831-1.png]] --- ![[20240912-42.png]] --- ![[20240912-41.png]] --- ![[20240912-43.png]] Notes: Dipole placing overlap gives more vertical spread than horizontal at the origins the troughs are filled in by another dipole which starts a peak in the trough 29 m tall (≈95 ft) and 99 m wide (≈325 ft) Stollberg - 143 ft above sea level Kleve - 275 ft above sea level Each dipole has a beam spread that overlaps Stollberg: https://whatismyelevation.com/map?lat=54.64444&lng=8.94444&title=54%25C2%25B038%25E2%2580%25B240%25E2%2580%25B3N,%25208%25C2%25B056%25E2%2580%25B240%25E2%2580%25B3E Kleve: https://whatismyelevation.com/map?lat=51.78858&lng=6.10319&title=51%25C2%25B047%252018.88%2520N,%25206%25C2%25B06%252011.50%2520E --- ![[20240914-7.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240914-8.png]] Notes: Facilitated by the vertical orientation of the dipole array arrangement. --- ![[20240914-9.png]] Notes: From the small Knick; same pattern though --- ![[20240831-2.png]] Notes: The fins are responsible for the beam pattern and allow for a vertical deflection. Knickebein Radar System 29 m tall (≈95 ft) and 99 m wide (≈325 ft) rotated on a track with a diameter of 93 m (≈305 ft) --- ![[20240903-22.png]] Notes: Min/Max accuracy based on beam width Only a --- ![[20240831-3.png]] Notes: Beam specs, purpose and test run for the Germans --- ![[20240903-8.png]] Notes: - **Maximum Loaded Weight (H-3 Version)**: 30,865 lbs (14,000 kg) - **Maximum Speed (H-3 Version)**: 258 mph (415 km/h) - **Maximum Loaded Weight (P-2 Version)**: 29,762 lbs (13,500 kg) - **Maximum Speed (P-2 Version)**: 242 mph (390 km/h) at 16,400 ft (5,000 m) - **Maximum Speed at Full Weight (Both Versions)**: Could not exceed 205 mph (330 km/h) - **Climb Rate to 14,765 ft (4,500 m)**: - **Normal Gross Weight**: 30-35 minutes - **Maximum Weight**: 50 minutes - **Service Ceiling (Both Versions)**: Approximately 25,590 ft (7,800 m) - **Range at Normal Maximum Gross Weight**: About 1,200 miles (1,930 km) - **Range with Maximum Bomb Load (Both Versions)**: Approximately 745 miles (1,200 km) --- ![[20240902-4.png]] Notes: How the system works plane/radar diagram --- ![[20240903-6.png]] Notes: 3000 watt transmitter - Claimed 250; Measured and used at 334 and 451 mi; --- ![[20240903-7.png]] Notes: Altitude & Range --- ![[20240903-5.png]] Notes: Bombers altitude & counter-measure; Starfish and jammers - Started deploying countermeasures in June/July --- ![[20240902-5.png]] Notes: - 272 mi --- ![[20240831-4.png]] Notes: - 451 mi --- ![[20240831-5.png]] Notes: - 333 mi --- ![[20240903-27.png]] Notes: More beam specs pg 554 --- ![[20240903-19.png]] Notes: Giving maximum benefit to the globe. We put the observer height for both towers at 656ft above sea level. Since know the first transmission before the first bombing attempt on Derby in June was picked up @ Spalding with an equisignal of 400-500 yards, we can make out the exact amount of beam divergence and/or diffraction caused by Earth curvature. Additionally, we know the altitude of the bombers. From that we can determine, based on the dimensions of the beam width over Spalding, and show outward projections for other targets --- ![[20240830-3.png]] Notes: Kleve -> Spalding -> Derby Max beam width over Derby (based on measured beam divergence over Spalding) = ~676 yds @ 334 mi distance @ 745 mi ~1400 yards [less than a mi] Theoretical max width based on 0.3° divergence: 3075 yards ( 1.75 mi wid beam) --- ![[20240903-20.png]] Notes: Stollberg -> Beeston -> Derby Max beam width over Derby (based on measured beam divergence over Spalding) = ~### yds @ 451 mi distance - Calculated beam width based on measured divergence of Kleve beam; 914 yard Theoretical max width based on 0.3° divergence: 4157 yards (2.36 mi wide beam) --- ![[20240830-4.png]] Notes: - FE Explanation - It just works - using plane trig angle of the ground transmitter to airplane altitude over target --- ![[20240914-5.png]] Notes: https://chatgpt.com/share/66e60e49-1bb8-800d-8bee-b1ca16c0a352 --- ![[20240916-1.png]] Notes: Conditions between Ground to Target Ground (656ft) to Target (bomber @ 13k to 19k ft) Line of sight. No skipping, no bouncing, no refracting. --- Telefunken Test: Stollberg to 1000 km away, 4000m height ![[20240914-13.png]] --- Kleve to Spalding, 6000m height ![[20240914-14.png]] --- Kleve to Derby, 6000m height ![[20240914-15.png]] --- Stollberg to Derby, 6000m height ![[20240914-16.png]] --- ![[20240903-23.png]] Notes: The bombing campaign --- ![[20240903-24.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240903-25.png]] Note: - Read --- ![[20240903-26.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240903-17.png]] Notes: How do the British explain this? As mentioned earlier in the story by R. V. Jones, the possibility was shown by an "unpublished paper" by Eckersley. We'll now examine the papers in ref. If Eckersley's theory was correct in explaining how a low freq radio https://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/pdf-hell/article-RadBeams-BTaylor-2020.pdfbeam could follow Earth curvature and maintain an altitude that a plane could fly through, then his work should have redefined radiowave propagation. It should be the gold standard for understanding this issue. --- ![[20240903-1.png]] Notes: - Shout-out to Roo - Ultra high frequency; not VHF - Omnidirectional, short burst comms, not continue LoS propagation - UHF - 300 MHz to 1 GHz Eckersley, TL. “Ultra-Short-Wave Refraction and Diffraction.” _Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers_ 80, no. 483 (1937): 286–304. --- ![[20240903-2.png]] Notes: Sky propagation; not horizontal LoS propagation @ 30Mc/s the bottom end of short wave spectrum - the start of the VHF spectrum Eckersley, TL. “Multiple Signals in Short-Wave Transmission.” _Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers_ 18, no. 1 (1930): 106–22. --- ![[20240920-2.png]] --- ![[20240920-3.png]] --- ![[20240920-4.png]] --- ![[20240901-1.png]] Notes: - Mt Everest 30,000 ft - Bomber Altitude 20,000 ft - Hits Earth curvature @ 212 mi - Diffraction difference of 38,000 ft to the Bomber - Even on Mt. Everest, this system couldn't function on a globe. --- ![[20240903-3.png]] Notes: The deflection of the radio vertical, so to speak is a result of compounding corrections made during astro-geodetic surveying. The deviation from the expected location of stars based on the First Cusp of Aires was corrected by "deflecting the vertical" Sorry lads, the curvature proof you're looking for isn't substantiated by a footnote. It's a nice pacifier, though. --- ![[20240903-18.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240903-15.png]] Note: Is your geoid undulating? --- ![[20240903-12.png]] --- ![[20240903-13.png]] Note: Perpendicular to the gravitational equipotential of the geoid --- # Appendix A --- ![[20240906-1.png]] Notes: - Where to draw a line to the sky based on t his diagram? - Assume this is the maximum dimensions of the beam at its maximum effective range of 1200 kms (745mi) - THIS DIAGRAM IS FOR THE DOT/DASH BEAM, NOT THE EQUISIGNAL - THE EQUISIGNAL IS THE CONVERGENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO - Equisginal divergence was only 400-500 yards @ 270 mi - If this radar system worked off sky propagation, the bouncing back and forth would break the coherency of the equisignal. - Bulk of the transmissions power is directed at the horizon., indicating that the target was not to bounce off the sky ![[20240906-2.png]] ![[20240906-3.png]] --- ![[20240906-4.png]] --- https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/497476/how-did-german-radio-beams-reach-distant-english-cities-during-wwii --- # Any refractors in the chat? Refraction of .794 Std. Refract. .168 5x earth radius Earth with a radius of 19,000 --- ![[20240914-6.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240914-5.png]] Notes: https://chatgpt.com/share/66e60e49-1bb8-800d-8bee-b1ca16c0a352 Angle from the beam to plane altitude @ 1000 km ![[20240914-10.png]] Angle above the ground of the equisignal at various distances Angle from the beam to plane altitude @ 1000 km 4 km / 1000 km Kleve to Spalding: ![[20240914-11.png]] Kleve to Derby ![[20240914-12.png]] ---