Aether Physics - Obsidian Publish

# An Introduction to Ether Physics ## The History as a Framework of interpretation and physical medium necessary for electromagnetic propagation --- ![[20240920-1.png]] ### https://search.spaceaudits.net Notes: - Any references made in this presentation and be found at the following link. - Search by author name, paper title or year - Special shout-out to Toby for making this information easily accessible for everyone. If you want to make a copy of the entire archive and import it to your Zotero, you can download the most up-to-date version here: https://t.me/spaceaudits/2042 https://t.me/spaceaudits/2043 --- # What is the ether? Notes: - Medium necessary for EM prop (induction); Viscous compressible gas - Capable of transmitting energy; radiation in which it transmits can be felt by our senses (heat) which is evidence of work done; - e and mu are the physical properties of the ether. - as underlying background medium, all motion inside of the medium is relative to it, which can be measured in the variance in the speed of light, confirmed by interferometry and GPS --- ![[galilean-relativity 1.png]] Notes: - **t-axis**: Always perpendicular to the x-axis; represents absolute, one-dimensional time. - **x**: Represents a point in three-dimensional space. - **Time (t)**: Absolute and universal, meaning all observers share the same time regardless of motion. - in Galilean Relativity, time and space are absolute and - Logically follows that simultaneous events are absolute irrespective of velocity and all observers agree upon the physical outcome of simultaneous events --- ![[Galilean_Transform.png]] Notes: - **t-axis**: Always perpendicular to the x-axis; represents absolute, one-dimensional time. - **x**: Represents a point in three-dimensional space. - **Time (t)**: Absolute and universal, meaning all observers share the same time regardless of motion. --- ![[Special_Relativity.png]] Notes: Here time and space are defined as function of an observer's v^2 / c^2 The time as defined by the moving observer is not physically connected to the time coordinate give for the corresponding observer Resultant effects due to the constancy of c between frames; Length contraction (LC) and Time dilation (TD) Leading to the Principle of Relativity of Simultaneity (PRoS) Because of this temporal divergence between two observers (PRoS) it logically follows that the order of a a simultaneous event is physically different from the relative observer (stationary) leading to different physical outcomes The observer's motion results in distinct, frame-dependent outcomes that reflect the relativistic effects on time and space. --- ![[Special_Relativity_Transform 1.png]] Notes: Beta aka, Gamma, Gamma factor, Lorentz Factor, etc Defining time and distance as a function of one over the square root of one minus the velocity squared over the speed of light squared --- ![[20240923-1.png]] Notes: Absolute Simu vs Relative Simu - **Absolute Simultaneity (AbSim) (Galilean Relativity)**: In Galilean systems, time is universal and absolute, meaning that all observers, regardless of their velocity or motion, agree on whether two events occur at the same time. Simultaneous events are observed consistently across all reference frames, leading to absolute outcomes that do not vary with the observer's state of motion. - **Principle of Relativity of Simultaneity (PRoS) (Special Relativity)**: In Special Relativity, simultaneity is relative. Whether two events occur at the same time depends on the observer's frame of reference. Observers in different states of motion will disagree on the timing of events due to the constancy of the speed of light. This divergence means that simultaneous events in one frame may not be simultaneous in another, leading to **physically different outcomes** in the moving frame. This relativistic shift is a consequence of the intertwining of space and time under the Lorentz transformations. **Absolute Simultaneity** (AbSim) assumes a universal time, whereas **PRoS** recognizes that simultaneity is relative to the observer’s motion, fundamentally altering the perception and physical outcomes of events. --- Invariance vs Covariance Notes: Invariance = A physical quantity is **invariant** if its value remains unchanged under specific coordinate transformations. This means that, regardless of how you change the reference frame (through rotation, translation, or transformation), the quantity stays the same. Covariant = How physical laws or equations maintain their form under transformations between reference frames. In the context of physics, a law is covariant if it transforms predictably under a change in coordinates, meaning the relationships between the quantities are preserved. For example, under Lorentz transformations, the coordinates of space and time (x and t) change according to the Gamma factor, but the form of the physical law (such as the equations of motion in Special Relativity) remains consistent across reference frames. Change in time and distance as a function of v^2/c^2 maintains the constancy of c. --- ![[Covariance-Critque.png]] Notes: Read First-order invariance is the optimal way for your equations to have physical meaning to the reality they're representing. Covariance is a second-order interpretation that preserve invariance by making adjustments to the reality the equations are describing (i.e. spacetime symmetry) The danger of covariance is that your equations can satisfy first-order invariance while having no physical meaning attached to them. This is known as getting high on your own math. Arteha, S. N. (2002). On the basis for general relativity theory. _Spacetime & Substance International Physical Journal_. --- Static Ether vs Dynamic Ether Notes: A look at the history of static ether theory and why it was rejected in favor of spacetime covariance to satisfy Maxwell's equations without an ether and continuous lines of force rather Hertz first-order invariance --- $ \begin{equation} \nu = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\epsilon_0 \mu_0}} = c \end{equation} $ Notes: Static ether theory The crux of the issue between ether theory and the removal of ether theory is Earth's orbital velocity, not the ether as a physical mechanism. --- ![[20240929-14.png]] What is a field? Notes: Fields are a representation of the properties of quantity or magnitude and a direction in a particular location. Nothing can't have properties. So what are the E and B field properties of? They're properties of the ether and its response to pressure and motion of the ether. Vector Potential A (Ether vector) can be used to derive the properties of the E and B fields, making more fundamental than the resultant E and B fields themselves. --- ![[20240929-15.png]] Notes: Bennett's vector potential https://youtu.be/j2MY3ubvgW4?list=PLoeKBeKeoPx55rjsAYxyFBMUGGyaYbtFW&t=4095 Vector = magnitude and direction **v**; direction of lines or rotation ∇**V** vector change …in shape/space (gradient) ∇·**V** divergence = radial change in V (bigger or smaller) ∇×**V** curl … change in rot/spin (change in the vector or if it's constant (zero)) Maxwell's equations, which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, can be reformulated in terms of the potentials A and ϕ, which can be used to find the values of **E** and **B** using only 4 equations instead of 6, making it more fundamental. --- # Age Old Question: ## Doth thou Earth move'th, m'lord? Notes: A review of experiments and attempts to measure Earth's velocity through a static ether Starting with a list by Willhelm Wien leading up to MMX (1887) Wien, Wilhelm. “About the Questions Concerning the Translational Movement of Light Atoms.” _Ann. Phys. Chem._ 65 (1898). --- An important note from Wien review: - **Doppler Principle**: - **Conflict**: Due to its great kinematic importance regarding relative motion, an explanation is required that's consistent with reality - Additional Conflict: Doppler shift can be used to determine definitively whether an observer is in motion or truly at rest. Notes: Conflicts with Earth's motion, not the ether a mechanism. Requires Relativistic effects to explain why the velocity isn't detectable via Doppler shift --- ![[20240923-9.png]] Notes: Bradley, James. “An Account of a New Discovered Motion of the Fixed Stars.” _Philosophical Transactions_ 35, no. 1727 (1728): 637–60. --- ![[Arago_1.png]] Notes: No velocity change in the stars with respect to Earth's change in position going with and against the sun Conclusion: the Earth is at rest Fresnel, A. (1818), "Letter from M. [Fresnel] to M. Arago on the influence of the Earth's motion in some optical phenomena", Annals of Chemistry and Physics, 9: 57-66 (Sep. 1818), 286-7 (Nov. 1818); --- ![[Arago2 1.png]] Notes: **Arago’s Experiment**: - **Conflict**: The refraction of light from fixed stars should show variations with static ether, but results do not indicate such changes in relation to Earth's orbital velocity of 30 km/s **E. T. Whittaker**: > *Arago submitted the matter to the test of experiment, and concluded that the light coming from any star behaves in all cases of reflexion and refraction precisely as it would if the star were situated in the place which it appears to occupy in consequence of aberration, and the earth were at rest; so that the apparent refraction in a moving prism is equal to the absolute refraction in a fixed prism.* François Arago, “Mémoire sur la vitesse de la lumière, lu à la prémière classe de l’Institut, le 10 décembre 1810. Académie des sciences (Paris). Comptes Rendus 36 (1853):38-49. --- ![[Fizzieo_EX.png]] Notes: **Fizeau Experiment** 1851: - **Conflict**: Results align with static ether; however, the expected changes in light speed through moving media contradict static assumptions. Conflicts with the idea that the material bodies and media move through it rather than drag it. However it does show the mobility of the ether as a physical media. --- ![[Klinkerfues_EX.png]] Notes: **Klinkerfues Experiment**: - **Conflict**: Expected shifts in sodium vapor absorption lines are inconsistent with static ether, although results are inconclusive due to small measurement errors. Conducted a series of experiments using a spectral apparatus and reflective methods, examining shifts in the absorption spectrum of bromine vapor due to Earth's movement. This method produced measurable, albeit small, shifts in the wavelength of light, suggesting some effect of Earth's motion on the ether but not fully conclusive. Non-negative result; but not the expected amount to confirm heliocentric velocities Klinkerfues, W. “Attempts on the Movement of the Earth and the Sun in the Ether.” _Astronomische Nachrichten_ 76, no. 3 (1870): 33–38. Original title: Versuche iiber die Bewegung der Erde und der Some im Aether. --- ![[Ketteler.png]] Notes: Ketteler 1871 Ketteler, Ed. “On the Influence of Astronomical Movements on Optical Phenomena.” _Annalen Der Physik_ 220, no. 12 (1871): 550–63. Ketteler, Ed. (1871). "Ueber den Einfluss der astronomischen Bewegungen auf die optischen Erscheinungen". Annalen der Physik 220 (9): 109–127. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29605 --- ![[20240923-5.png]] Notes: Expected to tilt the telescope by 1 arsecond per km/s over the course of a year totally 30 arcseconds Only required .8 arcseconds Airy, George Biddell. “On a Supposed Alteration in the Amount of Astronomical Aberration of Light, Produced by the Passage of the Light Through a Considerable Thickness of Refracting Medium.” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_ 20, no. 130–138 (1872): 35–39. [https://doi.org/doi:10.1098/rspl.1871.0011](https://doi.org/doi:10.1098/rspl.1871.0011). --- ![[Airys.png]] Notes: Wien, Wilhelm. “About the Questions Concerning the Translational Movement of Light Atoms.” _Ann. Phys. Chem._ 65 (1898). --- ![[Des_Coudres.png]] Notes: - **Experimental Setup:** The author set up an experiment using induction coils arranged in such a way that if the Earth’s motion through the ether had any effect, it would induce measurable currents in the coils. This setup was designed to detect any variations in electromagnetic induction that might arise due to the Earth's movement through a stationary ether. - **Principle of the Experiment:** The idea is that if ether exists and remains stationary relative to the universe, Earth's motion through it (as it orbits the sun) should produce detectable electromagnetic effects. The author compares the motion of the Earth with respect to ether to the effect of relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field. - **Results:** The experiments did not detect any significant changes that would suggest the presence of Earth's velocity through a static ether. The induced currents were consistent regardless of the Earth's movement, suggesting that if ether exists, it moves with respect to the Earth. Des Coudres, Th. “Ueber Das Verhalten Des Lichtäthers Bei Den Bewegungen Der Erde.” _Annalen Der Physik_ 274, no. 9 (January 1889): 71–79. [https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18892740908](https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18892740908). --- ![[20240923-4.png]] Notes: An Earth at rest with respect a dynamic ether fully explains all of these measurements and experiments Wien, Wilhelm. “About the Questions Concerning the Translational Movement of Light Atoms.” _Ann. Phys. Chem._ 65 (1898). --- ![[Lorentz-RoS-Absolute-Simu.png]] Notes: Lorentz conclusion of static ether and Relativity Theory Above: Lorentz trying to rectify the lack of Earth's orbital velocity not being measured against static (immobile) ether theory. Below: Right before the highlighted portions, Lorentz gives an example of clocks, U and U', which are synchronized in their own frames, respectively and still agree on the physical outcome of events regardless of their state of motion Lorentz is acknowledging the contradiction of the PRoS by saying if the physical outcome is the same in both frames, AbSim must be present somewhere in reality to maintain order. Otherwise simultaneous events as viewed by different observers would to physically different outcomes. Regardless if the the observer is aware of the simultaneous event or if he physically interprets it as being not simultaneous, it's still simultaneous. The preferred frame is the Earth, which is at rest with respect to a dynamic ether. Einstein never wrote him back to elaborate on the correctness of the PRoS Miller, A.I. _Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911)_. Springer New York, 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-MZCRkCAdeoC](https://books.google.com/books?id=-MZCRkCAdeoC). Einstein, A. _The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: English Translation_. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Princeton University Press, 1987. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EQoBzgEACAAJ](https://books.google.com/books?id=EQoBzgEACAAJ). --- ![[20240923-10.png]] Notes: How and why MMX conflicts with all of them The measurements made by interferometric experiment conducted by MMX exceed the error margin, but do give a positive result that confirms the necessary heliocentric velocity --- ![[20240923-11.png]] Notes: Lorentz (and by extension SRT) predicts no fringe; a fringe was measured All previous explanations rounded the measurements that were non-zero to a zero to explain them using the mechanism of ether bouncing around in the tube of the telescope or interferometer, etc. The magnitude of what was measured in MMX exceeds all ad-hoc explanations previously provided and the mechanism of contraction itself. All of these experiments can be rectified by use of AbSim and a dynamic ether, e.g ether wind that rotates around the earth that's translating the motion of the stars down to us. --- >Atsukovsky Etherdynamics Model >>1. Anisotropy Effect >>2. Height Effect >>3. Space Effect >>4. Hydroaerodynamic Effect Notes: Substantiation of a dynamic ether mode; Ether is a physical medium necessary for electromagnetic propagation (induction) Velocity gradient Sidereal and annual periodicity Atsyukovsky, V. A. _General Ether-Dynamics: Modeling of Matter and Field Structures on the Basis of Representations About the Gas-Like Ether_. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003. --- ![[20240929-11.png]] Notes: Read text --- ![[20240929-6.png]] Notes: Read text --- ![[20240929-7.png]] Notes: Read text --- ![[20240929-8.png]] Notes: Experimental setup --- ![[20240929-9.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240929-12.png]] Notes: --- ![[20240929-13.png]] Notes: --- ![[Screenshot_20240927_152044.png]] Notes: Laminar and turbulent flow First, any obstruction or sharp corner, such as in a faucet, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the flow. Second,high speeds cause turbulence. The drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. ![[20240927-4.png]] > Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid. Dynamic pressure is one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which can be derived from the conservation of energy for a fluid in motion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_pressure --- ![[20240925-13.png]] Notes: Prereqs for Hydroaerodynamics In 1876-1883, the English physicist O. Reynolds [8] experimentally established a criterion for the transition of laminar flow in cylindrical tubes into turbulent flow and introduced a criterion characterizing the critical ratio between inertial forces and viscous forces, at a certain value of which laminar flow transitions into turbulent flow and further into vortex flow. This ratio Re= ρvl/η, called "Reynolds number", relates ρ - density of liquid, v - flow velocity, l - characteristic linear dimension, η - dynamic viscosity coefficient and allows to determine the conditions of turbulence and vortex formation in specific cases of liquid flows near different surfaces and shapes. --- ![[20240927-1.png]] Notes: The near wall region of the flow is called the boundary layer or the shear layer. The boundary layer is an area of the flow near the wall where magnitude of the friction (viscous) forces and dynamic forces are comparable. It can be also defined as the area near the wall with the not zero vorticity. It means that curl v is not zero. This boundary layer can be divided into three layers. The first of them is the one which is nearest to the wall. It is called viscous sub-layer. The second one is the transition area and the third one is the turbulent boundary layer. Stigler, Jaroslav. “ANALYTICAL VELOCITY PROFILE IN TUBE FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW,” n.d. --- ![[20240927-2.png]] --- ![[20240927-3.png]] Notes: https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/12%3A_Fluid_Dynamics_and_Its_Biological_and_Medical_Applications/12.04%3A_Viscosity_and_Laminar_Flow_Poiseuilles_Law --- ![[20240930-1.png]] Notes: Physical properties of the ether as described by Atsukovsky --- ![[20240925-10.png]] Notes: Comparison of two types of energy; - the energy of the electric field (w_ep) which arises from motion in the ether - the kinetic energy of the ether (w_k) is equivalent to the motion of the ether that produces the electric field of the proton ϵ_0 = 8.85 x 10^-12 F/m^1 = ρ_ϵ ρ_ϵ = 8.85 x 10^-12 km/m^3 = ether density derived from vacuum permittivity properties - Equation **4.1** represents the **energy stored in the electric field** of the proton. - ϵ_0 is the dielectric permittivity of free space. - E is the strength of the electric field generated by the proton. - dV is an infinitesimal volume element. - The integration is performed from r_p(the proton radius) to infinity, covering all of space around the proton. - Equation **4.2** gives the **kinetic energy of the aether** as it moves in circular orbits around the proton. - ρ_э is the aether density, which is later claimed to be equivalent to ϵ_0. - v_k is the velocity of the aether's circular motion. - dV is the same volume element as in Equation **4.1**, integrating from r_p to infinity. --- ![[20240925-12.png]] Notes: Ether pressure - **Inverse Magnetic Permeability and density: The inverse of the magnetic permeability; - P_μ = 1/μ = represents as ether "desnity" that facilitates the behavior of the ether in motion. This value gives the transverse pressure P_ε, which allows us to determine how the ether behaves under motion. - **Ether's Motion and Electric Field**: The ether is modeled as a fluid-like medium whose motion and interactions give rise to observable fields, such as the electric field of a proton. The density P_ε, derived in part from P_μ, provides the necessary mechanical framework (or resistance) that facilitates the ether’s motion in response to a charged particle, like the proton. This motion of the ether produces the electric field associated with the proton. - **Density and Electric Field Relationship**: The production of the electric field in this model depends on the motion of the ether as driven by the pressure P_ε, and this motion is directly tied to the energy stored in the proton’s electric field. Since pressure is typically related to both density and force, the relationship between the ether’s density and the electric field can be interpreted as the ether's density contributing to how it stores and transmits energy as an electric field. The pressure ensures that the ether moves in such a way to sustain this electric field, and this motion can be quantified as a ratio involving the electric field strength and------ the ether’s density. Use of the inverse relationship: The inverse magnetic permeability P_μ is directly related to **transverse density** in the ether. In fluid mechanics, density is often inversely related to the ease with which a medium can flow or respond to a force. Similarly, here P_μ characterizes the transverse resistance (pressure) that affects the flow or motion of the ether when magnetic effects are present. This pressure facilitates the movement necessary for generating the electric field of a proton. Magnetic permeability μ has units that do not align directly with pressure. However, when you take its inverse, P_μ = 1/μ, the resulting quantity has units that can be more readily associated with density (in the mechanical sense), making it easier to incorporate into equations for force, viscosity, and the behavior of ether in terms of energy transfer. The ether in this model is treated somewhat analogously to a gas or fluid, with the behavior of the ether being affected by forces, pressures, and densities. Transverse waves = medium displacement perpendicular to the wave propagation (oscillations moving up and down relative to the forward direction of EM wave) Longitudinal waves = vibration within the medium as a function of compression in the same direction as the wave; and rarefaction of the medium its travelling through --- # End Notes: ---