Blockchains can scale execution layer, DA layer, or consensus layer (This paper) Distributed validators are ethereum validators with software-based fault tolerance Multi-sig validators Can be run cooperatively by independent parties Requires 2/3 nodes to be online and honest Use cases High-availability validator with minimal slashing risk multi-operator validation to increase staking product decentralization Squad staking Multi-client, multi-geo validators increase resilience Preparing mainnet MVP with Lido **DV Protocol**: Common spec for DV middleware implementations Framework for provable participation and economic reward/punishment