https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/gprojector/help/projections/ https://freegeographytools.com/2007/online-map-projection-viewers-i [[Map Project]] [[Maps and the Coordinate Systems they are Projected From]] [[Library/Maps and the Coordinate Systems they are Projected From|Maps and the Coordinate Systems they are Projected From]] ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240315101656.png]] https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/gprojector/help/references.html ## G.Projector 3 — Map Projection Explorer ### User's Guide: List of Map Projections ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240424221114.png]] ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240424221136.png]] ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240424221329.png]] - [Tobler hyperelliptical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection "Tobler hyperelliptical projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg) - [Mollweide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection "Mollweide projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg) - [Goode homolosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection "Goode homolosine projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goode_homolosine_projection_SW.jpg) - [Eckert IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_IV_projection "Eckert IV projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecker_IV_projection_SW.jpg) - [Eckert VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_VI_projection "Eckert VI projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecker_VI_projection_SW.jpg) - [Kavrayskiy VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection "Kavrayskiy VII projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kavraiskiy_VII_projection_SW.jpg) ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240415043618.png]] ### Type of projection surface[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_map_projections&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Type of projection surface")] Cylindrical In normal aspect, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines. Pseudocylindrical In normal aspect, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels. Conic In normal aspect, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Pseudoconical In normal aspect, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Azimuthal In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Pseudoazimuthal In normal aspect, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose. Other Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection Polyhedral maps Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. ## Types Main article: [Equal-area projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-area_projection "Equal-area projection") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg) The equal-area [Mollweide projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection "Mollweide projection") Equal-area maps preserve area measure, generally distorting shapes in order to do so. Equal-area maps are also called _equivalent_ or _authalic_. These are some projections that preserve area: - [Albers conic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albers_conic_projection "Albers conic projection") - [Boggs eumorphic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggs_eumorphic_projection "Boggs eumorphic projection") - [Bonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_projection "Bonne projection") - [Bottomley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomley_projection "Bottomley projection") - [Collignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collignon_projection "Collignon projection") - [Cylindrical equal-area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Cylindrical equal-area projection") - [Eckert II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_II_projection "Eckert II projection"), [IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_IV_projection "Eckert IV projection") and [VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_VI_projection "Eckert VI projection") - [Equal Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Earth_projection "Equal Earth projection") - [Gall orthographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection "Gall–Peters projection") (also known as Gall–Peters, or Peters, projection) - [Goode's homolosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection "Goode homolosine projection") - [Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_projection "Hammer projection") - [Hobo–Dyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection "Hobo–Dyer projection") - [Lambert azimuthal equal-area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection "Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection") - [Lambert cylindrical equal-area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection") - [Mollweide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection "Mollweide projection") - [Sinusoidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection "Sinusoidal projection") - [Strebe 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebe_1995_projection "Strebe 1995 projection") - [Snyder's equal-area polyhedral projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder_equal-area_projection "Snyder equal-area projection"), used for [geodesic grids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_grid "Geodesic grid"). - [Tobler hyperelliptical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection "Tobler hyperelliptical projection") - [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection "Werner projection") ### Equidistant[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Map_projection&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: Equidistant")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two-point_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg) A [two-point equidistant projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_equidistant_projection "Two-point equidistant projection") of Eurasia If the length of the line segment connecting two projected points on the plane is proportional to the geodesic (shortest surface) distance between the two unprojected points on the globe, then we say that distance has been preserved between those two points. An **equidistant projection** preserves distances from one or two special points to all other points. The special point or points may get stretched into a line or curve segment when projected. In that case, the point on the line or curve segment closest to the point being measured to must be used to measure the distance. - [Plate carrée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_carr%C3%A9e_projection "Plate carrée projection"): Distances from the two poles are preserved, in equatorial aspect. - [Azimuthal equidistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection "Azimuthal equidistant projection"): Distances from the center and edge are preserved. - [Equidistant conic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistant_conic_projection "Equidistant conic projection"): Distances from the two poles are preserved, in equatorial aspect. - [Werner cordiform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_cordiform_projection "Werner cordiform projection") Distances from the [North Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole "North Pole") are preserved, in equatorial aspect. - [Two-point equidistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_equidistant_projection "Two-point equidistant projection"): Two "control points" are arbitrarily chosen by the map maker; distances from each control point are preserved. ### Gnomonic[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Map_projection&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: Gnomonic")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG) The [Gnomonic projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection "Gnomonic projection") is thought to be the oldest map projection, developed by [Thales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales "Thales") in the 6th century BC [Great circles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle "Great circle") are displayed as straight lines: - [Gnomonic projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection "Gnomonic projection") ### Retroazimuthal[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Map_projection&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Retroazimuthal")] Direction to a fixed location B (the bearing at the starting location A of the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B: - [Littrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littrow_projection "Littrow projection")—the only conformal retroazimuthal projection - [Hammer retroazimuthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection "Hammer retroazimuthal projection")—also preserves distance from the central point - [Craig retroazimuthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_retroazimuthal_projection "Craig retroazimuthal projection") _aka_ Mecca or Qibla—also has vertical meridians ### Compromise projections[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Map_projection&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Compromise projections")] [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usgs_map_robinson.PNG) The [Robinson projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_projection "Robinson projection") was adopted by _[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine) "National Geographic (magazine)")_ magazine in 1988 but abandoned by them in about 1997 for the [Winkel tripel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection "Winkel tripel projection"). Compromise projections give up the idea of perfectly preserving metric properties, seeking instead to strike a balance between distortions, or to simply make things look right. Most of these types of projections distort shape in the polar regions more than at the equator. These are some compromise projections: - [Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_projection "Robinson projection") - [van der Grinten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Grinten_projection "Van der Grinten projection") - [Miller cylindrical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_cylindrical_projection "Miller cylindrical projection") - [Winkel Tripel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection "Winkel tripel projection") - [Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_map "Dymaxion map") - [B. J. S. Cahill's Butterfly Map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_J._S._Cahill "Bernard J. S. Cahill") - [Kavrayskiy VII projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection "Kavrayskiy VII projection") - [Wagner VI projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_VI_projection "Wagner VI projection") - [Chamberlin trimetric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlin_trimetric_projection "Chamberlin trimetric projection") - [Oronce Finé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronce_Fin%C3%A9 "Oronce Finé")'s cordiform - [AuthaGraph projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthaGraph_projection "AuthaGraph projection") #### • Return ![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240415043431.png]] ## Table of projections[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_map_projections&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Table of projections")] | Year | Projection | Image | Type | Properties | Creator | Notes | | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | c. 120 | [Equirectangular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equirectangular_projection "Equirectangular projection") <br>= equidistant cylindrical <br>= rectangular <br>= la carte parallélogrammatique | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equirectangular_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equidistant | [Marinus of Tyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre "Marinus of Tyre") | Simplest geometry; distances along meridians are conserved. <br><br>[Plate carrée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_carr%C3%A9e_projection "Plate carrée projection"): special case having the equator as the standard parallel. | | 1745 | [Cassini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini_projection "Cassini projection") <br>= Cassini–Soldner | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassini_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equidistant | [César-François Cassini de Thury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassini_de_Thury "César-François Cassini de Thury") | Transverse of equidistant projection; distances along central meridian are conserved. <br>Distances perpendicular to central meridian are preserved. | | 1569 | [Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection "Mercator projection") <br>= Wright | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_projection_Square.JPG) | Cylindrical | Conformal | [Gerardus Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator "Gerardus Mercator") | Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) are straight, aiding navigation. Areas inflate with latitude, becoming so extreme that the map cannot show the poles. | | 2005 | [Web Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator "Web Mercator") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Web_maps_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Compromise | [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") | Variant of [Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection "Mercator projection") that ignores Earth's ellipticity for fast calculation, and clips latitudes to ~85.05° for square presentation. De facto standard for Web mapping applications. | | 1822 | [Gauss–Krüger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection#Ellipsoidal_transverse_Mercator "Transverse Mercator projection") <br>= Gauss conformal <br>= (ellipsoidal) transverse Mercator | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellipsoidal_transverse_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Conformal | [Carl Friedrich Gauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss "Carl Friedrich Gauss")<br><br>[Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Louis_Kr%C3%BCger "Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger") | This transverse, ellipsoidal form of the Mercator is finite, unlike the equatorial Mercator. Forms the basis of the [Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system "Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system"). | | 1922 | [Roussilhe oblique stereographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussilhe_oblique_stereographic_projection "Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection") | | | | Henri Roussilhe | | | 1903 | Hotine oblique Mercator | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotine_Mercator_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Conformal | M. Rosenmund, J. Laborde, Martin Hotine | | | 1855 | [Gall stereographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_stereographic_projection "Gall stereographic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gall_Stereographic_projection_SW_centered.jpg) | Cylindrical | Compromise | [James Gall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gall "James Gall") | Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. Standard parallels at 45°N/S. | | 1942 | [Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_projection "Miller projection") <br>= Miller cylindrical | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miller_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Compromise | [Osborn Maitland Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn_Maitland_Miller "Osborn Maitland Miller") | Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. | | 1772 | [Lambert cylindrical equal-area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambert_cylindrical_equal-area_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equal-area | [Johann Heinrich Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert "Johann Heinrich Lambert") | [Cylindrical equal-area projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Cylindrical equal-area projection") with standard parallel at the equator and an aspect ratio of π (3.14). | | 1910 | [Behrmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrmann_projection "Behrmann projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Behrmann_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equal-area | [Walter Behrmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrmann "Walter Behrmann") | [Cylindrical equal-area projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Cylindrical equal-area projection") with standard parallels at 30°N/S and an aspect ratio of (3/4)π ≈ 2.356. | | 2002 | [Hobo–Dyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection "Hobo–Dyer projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hobo%E2%80%93Dyer_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equal-area | | [Cylindrical equal-area projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Cylindrical equal-area projection") with standard parallels at 37.5°N/S and an aspect ratio of 1.977. Similar are Trystan Edwards with standard parallels at 37.4° and Smyth equal surface (=Craster rectangular) with standard parallels around 37.07°. | | 1855 | [Gall–Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection "Gall–Peters projection") <br>= Gall orthographic <br>= Peters | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gall%E2%80%93Peters_projection_SW.jpg) | Cylindrical | Equal-area | [James Gall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gall "James Gall")<br><br>([Arno Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Peters "Arno Peters")) | [Cylindrical equal-area projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical_equal-area_projection "Cylindrical equal-area projection") with standard parallels at 45°N/S and an aspect ratio of π/2 ≈ 1.571. Similar is Balthasart with standard parallels at 50°N/S and Tobler’s world in a square with standard parallels around 55.66°N/S. | | c. 1850 | [Central cylindrical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_cylindrical_projection "Central cylindrical projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_cylindric_projection_square.JPG) | Cylindrical | Perspective | (unknown) | Practically unused in cartography because of severe polar distortion, but popular in [panoramic photography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography "Panoramic photography"), especially for architectural scenes. | | c. 1600 | [Sinusoidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection "Sinusoidal projection") <br>= Sanson–Flamsteed <br>= Mercator equal-area | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinusoidal_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area, equidistant | (Several; first is unknown) | Meridians are sinusoids; parallels are equally spaced. Aspect ratio of 2:1. Distances along parallels are conserved. | | 1805 | [Mollweide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection "Mollweide projection") <br>= elliptical <br>= Babinet <br>= homolographic | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mollweide_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Karl Brandan Mollweide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Brandan_Mollweide "Karl Brandan Mollweide") | Meridians are ellipses. | | 1906 | [Eckert II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_II_projection "Eckert II projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eckert_II_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Max Eckert-Greifendorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eckert-Greifendorff "Max Eckert-Greifendorff") | | | 1906 | [Eckert IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_IV_projection "Eckert IV projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecker_IV_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Max Eckert-Greifendorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eckert-Greifendorff "Max Eckert-Greifendorff") | Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; outer meridians are semicircles; other meridians are semiellipses. | | 1906 | [Eckert VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckert_VI_projection "Eckert VI projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecker_VI_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Max Eckert-Greifendorff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eckert-Greifendorff "Max Eckert-Greifendorff") | Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are half-period sinusoids. | | 1540 | [Ortelius oval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortelius_oval_projection "Ortelius oval projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ortelius_oval_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | [Battista Agnese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battista_Agnese "Battista Agnese") | Meridians are circular.[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-2) | | 1923 | [Goode homolosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_homolosine_projection "Goode homolosine projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goode_homolosine_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [John Paul Goode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Goode "John Paul Goode") | Hybrid of Sinusoidal and Mollweide projections. <br>Usually used in interrupted form. | | 1939 | [Kavrayskiy VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavrayskiy_VII_projection "Kavrayskiy VII projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kavraiskiy_VII_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | [Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_V._Kavrayskiy "Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy") | Evenly spaced parallels. Equivalent to Wagner VI horizontally compressed by a factor of 3/2. | | 1963 | [Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_projection "Robinson projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robinson_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | [Arthur H. Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson "Arthur H. Robinson") | Computed by interpolation of tabulated values. Used by Rand McNally since inception and used by [NGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society") in 1988–1998. | | 2018 | [Equal Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Earth_projection "Equal Earth projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equal_Earth_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson, Bernhard Jenny | Inspired by the Robinson projection, but retains the relative size of areas. | | 2011 | [Natural Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Earth_projection "Natural Earth projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_Earth_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | [Tom Patterson](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Patterson_(cartographer)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tom Patterson (cartographer) (page does not exist)") | Originally by interpolation of tabulated values. Now has a polynomial. | | 1973 | [Tobler hyperelliptical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection "Tobler hyperelliptical projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Waldo R. Tobler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_R._Tobler "Waldo R. Tobler") | A family of map projections that includes as special cases Mollweide projection, Collignon projection, and the various cylindrical equal-area projections. | | 1932 | [Wagner VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_VI_projection "Wagner VI projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagner_VI_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | [K. H. Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._H._Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1 "K. H. Wagner (page does not exist)") | Equivalent to Kavrayskiy VII vertically compressed by a factor of 3/2. | | c. 1865 | [Collignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collignon_projection "Collignon projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collignon_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Édouard Collignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Collignon "Édouard Collignon") | Depending on configuration, the projection also may map the sphere to a single diamond or a pair of squares. | | 1997 | [HEALPix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEALPix "HEALPix") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEALPix_projection_SW.svg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | [Krzysztof M. Górski](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_M._G%C3%B3rski&action=edit&redlink=1 "Krzysztof M. Górski (page does not exist)") | Hybrid of Collignon + Lambert cylindrical equal-area. | | 1929 | [Boggs eumorphic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggs_eumorphic_projection "Boggs eumorphic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boggs_eumorphic_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | Samuel Whittemore Boggs | The equal-area projection that results from average of sinusoidal and Mollweide _y_-coordinates and thereby constraining the _x_ coordinate. | | 1929 | Craster parabolic <br>=Putniņš P4 | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craster_parabolic_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | John Craster | Meridians are parabolas. Standard parallels at 36°46′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; 2:1 aspect. | | 1949 | McBryde–Thomas flat-pole quartic <br>= McBryde–Thomas #4 | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McBryde-Thomas_flat-pole_quartic_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | Felix W. McBryde, Paul Thomas | Standard parallels at 33°45′N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are fourth-order curves. Distortion-free only where the standard parallels intersect the central meridian. | | 1937<br><br>1944 | [Quartic authalic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_authalic "Quartic authalic") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quartic_authalic_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | Karl Siemon<br><br>Oscar Adams | Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale. No distortion along the equator. Meridians are fourth-order curves. | | 1965 | The Times | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Times_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | John Muir | Standard parallels 45°N/S. Parallels based on Gall stereographic, but with curved meridians. Developed for Bartholomew Ltd., The Times Atlas. | | 1935<br><br>1966 | [Loximuthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loximuthal_projection "Loximuthal projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loximuthal_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudocylindrical | Compromise | Karl Siemon<br><br>[Waldo R. Tobler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_R._Tobler "Waldo R. Tobler") | From the designated centre, lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines/loxodromes) are straight and have the correct length. Generally asymmetric about the equator. | | 1889 | [Aitoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitoff_projection "Aitoff projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aitoff_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoazimuthal | Compromise | [David A. Aitoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_A._Aitoff&action=edit&redlink=1 "David A. Aitoff (page does not exist)") | Stretching of modified equatorial azimuthal equidistant map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Largely superseded by Hammer. | | 1892 | [Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_projection "Hammer projection") <br>= Hammer–Aitoff <br>variations: Briesemeister; Nordic | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammer_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoazimuthal | Equal-area | [Ernst Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Hammer_(cartographer)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Hammer (cartographer) (page does not exist)") | Modified from azimuthal equal-area equatorial map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Variants are oblique versions, centred on 45°N. | | 1994 | [Strebe 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strebe_1995_projection "Strebe 1995 projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strebe_1995_11E_SW.jpg) | Pseudoazimuthal | Equal-area | Daniel "daan" Strebe | Formulated by using other equal-area map projections as transformations. | | 1921 | [Winkel tripel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkel_tripel_projection "Winkel tripel projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoazimuthal | Compromise | [Oswald Winkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Winkel "Oswald Winkel") | Arithmetic mean of the [equirectangular projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equirectangular_projection "Equirectangular projection") and the [Aitoff projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitoff_projection "Aitoff projection"). Standard world projection for the [NGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society") since 1998. | | 1904 | [Van der Grinten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Grinten_projection "Van der Grinten projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_der_Grinten_projection_SW.jpg) | Other | Compromise | [Alphons J. van der Grinten](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphons_J._van_der_Grinten&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alphons J. van der Grinten (page does not exist)") | Boundary is a circle. All parallels and meridians are circular arcs. Usually clipped near 80°N/S. Standard world projection of the [NGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society "National Geographic Society") in 1922–1988. | | c. 150 | [Equidistant conic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidistant_conic_projection "Equidistant conic projection") <br>= simple conic | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equidistant_conic_projection_SW.JPG) | Conic | Equidistant | Based on [Ptolemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy "Ptolemy")'s 1st Projection | Distances along meridians are conserved, as is distance along one or two standard parallels.[[3]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-3) | | 1772 | [Lambert conformal conic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection "Lambert conformal conic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg) | Conic | Conformal | [Johann Heinrich Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert "Johann Heinrich Lambert") | Used in aviation charts. | | 1805 | [Albers conic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albers_conic_projection "Albers conic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albers_projection_SW.jpg) | Conic | Equal-area | [Heinrich C. Albers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_C._Albers&action=edit&redlink=1 "Heinrich C. Albers (page does not exist)") | Two standard parallels with low distortion between them. | | c. 1500 | [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_projection "Werner projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Werner_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoconical | Equal-area, equidistant | [Johannes Stabius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stabius "Johannes Stabius") | Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs. Distances from the [North Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole "North Pole") are correct as are the curved distances along parallels and distances along central meridian. | | 1511 | [Bonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_projection "Bonne projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonne_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoconical, cordiform | Equal-area, equidistant | [Bernardus Sylvanus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardus_Sylvanus&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bernardus Sylvanus (page does not exist)") | Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs and standard lines. Appearance depends on reference parallel. General case of both Werner and sinusoidal. | | 2003 | [Bottomley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomley_projection "Bottomley projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bottomley_projection_SW.JPG) | Pseudoconical | Equal-area | [Henry Bottomley](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bottomley&action=edit&redlink=1 "Henry Bottomley (page does not exist)") | Alternative to the Bonne projection with simpler overall shape <br><br>Parallels are elliptical arcs <br>Appearance depends on reference parallel. | | c. 1820 | [American polyconic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyconic_projection "Polyconic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Polyconic_projection.jpg) | Pseudoconical | Compromise | [Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler "Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler") | Distances along the parallels are preserved as are distances along the central meridian. | | c. 1853 | [Rectangular polyconic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular_polyconic_projection "Rectangular polyconic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rectangular_polyconic_projection_SW.jpg) | Pseudoconical | Compromise | [United States Coast Survey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey "United States Coast and Geodetic Survey") | Latitude along which scale is correct can be chosen. Parallels meet meridians at right angles. | | 1963 | [Latitudinally equal-differential polyconic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinally_equal-differential_polyconic_projection "Latitudinally equal-differential polyconic projection") | | Pseudoconical | Compromise | China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping | Polyconic: parallels are non-concentric arcs of circles. | | c. 1000 | [Nicolosi globular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolosi_globular_projection "Nicolosi globular projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolosi_globular_projections_SW.jpg) | Pseudoconical[[4]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-4) | Compromise | [Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni "Al-Biruni"); reinvented by Giovanni Battista Nicolosi, 1660.[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-SnyderFlattening-1): 14 | | | c. 1000 | [Azimuthal equidistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection "Azimuthal equidistant projection") <br>=Postel <br>=zenithal equidistant | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Equidistant | [Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB "Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī") | Distances from center are conserved. <br><br>Used as the [emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations "Flag of the United Nations") of the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations"), extending to 60° S. | | c. 580 BC | [Gnomonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomonic_projection "Gnomonic projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnomonic_projection_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Gnomonic | [Thales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales "Thales") (possibly) | All great circles map to straight lines. Extreme distortion far from the center. Shows less than one hemisphere. | | 1772 | [Lambert azimuthal equal-area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection "Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Equal-area | [Johann Heinrich Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert "Johann Heinrich Lambert") | The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other point is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points. | | c. 200 BC | [Stereographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereographic_map_projection "Stereographic map projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stereographic_projection_SW.JPG) | Azimuthal | Conformal | [Hipparchos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchos "Hipparchos")* | Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters. | | c. 200 BC | [Orthographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection_in_cartography "Orthographic projection in cartography") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orthographic_projection_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Perspective | [Hipparchos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchos "Hipparchos")* | View from an infinite distance. | | 1740 | [Vertical perspective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Perspective_projection "General Perspective projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertical_perspective_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Perspective | Matthias Seutter* | View from a finite distance. Can only display less than a hemisphere. | | 1919 | [Two-point equidistant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-point_equidistant_projection "Two-point equidistant projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two-point_equidistant_projection_SW.jpg) | Azimuthal | Equidistant | Hans Maurer | Two "control points" can be almost arbitrarily chosen. The two straight-line distances from any point on the map to the two control points are correct. | | 2021 | Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei’s | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gott-Goldberg-Vanderbei_Projection.png) | Azimuthal | Equidistant | [J. Richard Gott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Richard_Gott "J. Richard Gott"), Goldberg and [Robert J. Vanderbei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Vanderbei "Robert J. Vanderbei") | Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei’s double-sided disk map was designed to minimize all six types of map distortions. Not properly "a" map projection because it is on two surfaces instead of one, it consists of two hemispheric equidistant azimuthal projections back-to-back.[[5]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-5)[[6]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-6)[[7]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-7) | | 1879 | [Peirce quincuncial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirce_quincuncial_projection "Peirce quincuncial projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peirce_quincuncial_projection_SW.jpg) | Other | Conformal | [Charles Sanders Peirce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce "Charles Sanders Peirce") | Tessellates. Can be tiled continuously on a plane, with edge-crossings matching except for four singular points per tile. | | 1887 | [Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyou_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection "Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyou_doubly_periodic_projection_SW.JPG) | Other | Conformal | [Émile Guyou](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Guyou&action=edit&redlink=1 "Émile Guyou (page does not exist)") | Tessellates. | | 1925 | [Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection "Adams hemisphere-in-a-square projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adams_hemisphere_in_a_square.JPG) | Other | Conformal | [Oscar Sherman Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Sherman_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1 "Oscar Sherman Adams (page does not exist)") | | | 1965 | [Lee conformal world on a tetrahedron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Conformal_Projection "Lee Conformal Projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Conformal_World_in_a_Tetrahedron_projection.png) | Polyhedral | Conformal | [L. P. Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._P._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1 "L. P. Lee (page does not exist)") | Projects the globe onto a regular tetrahedron. Tessellates. | | 1514 | [Octant projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octant_projection "Octant projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%99s_Mappamundi.jpg) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Leonardo da Vinci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci") | Projects the globe onto eight octants ([Reuleaux triangles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuleaux_triangle "Reuleaux triangle")) with no meridians and no parallels. | | 1909 | [Cahill's butterfly map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahill%27s_butterfly_map "Cahill's butterfly map") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cahill_Butterfly_Map.jpg) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_J._S._Cahill "Bernard J. S. Cahill") | Projects the globe onto an octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous landmasses that may be displayed in various arrangements. | | 1975 | [Cahill–Keyes projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahill%E2%80%93Keyes_projection "Cahill–Keyes projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cahill-Keyes_projection.png) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Gene Keyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Keyes "Gene Keyes") | Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses that may be displayed in various arrangements. | | 1996 | [Waterman butterfly projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterman_butterfly_projection "Waterman butterfly projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterman_projection.png) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Steve Waterman](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Waterman_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Steve Waterman (mathematician) (page does not exist)") | Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous land masses that may be displayed in various arrangements. | | 1973 | [Quadrilateralized spherical cube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateralized_spherical_cube "Quadrilateralized spherical cube") | | Polyhedral | Equal-area | F. Kenneth Chan, E. M. O'Neill | | | 1943 | [Dymaxion map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_map "Dymaxion map") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dymaxion_projection.png) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Buckminster Fuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller "Buckminster Fuller") | Also known as a Fuller Projection. | | 1999 | [AuthaGraph projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthaGraph_projection "AuthaGraph projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projection_AuthaGraph.png) | Polyhedral | Compromise | [Hajime Narukawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajime_Narukawa "Hajime Narukawa") | Approximately equal-area. Tessellates. | | 2008 | [Myriahedral projections](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myriahedral_projection&action=edit&redlink=1 "Myriahedral projection (page does not exist)") | | Polyhedral | Equal-area | [Jarke J. van Wijk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_van_Wijk "Jack van Wijk") | Projects the globe onto a myriahedron: a polyhedron with a very large number of faces.[[8]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-8)[[9]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-9) | | 1909 | [Craig retroazimuthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_retroazimuthal_projection "Craig retroazimuthal projection") <br>= Mecca | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craig_projection_SW.jpg) | Retroazimuthal | Compromise | James Ireland Craig | | | 1910 | [Hammer retroazimuthal, front hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection "Hammer retroazimuthal projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection_front_SW.JPG) | Retroazimuthal | | [Ernst Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Hammer_(cartographer)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Hammer (cartographer) (page does not exist)") | | | 1910 | [Hammer retroazimuthal, back hemisphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection "Hammer retroazimuthal projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammer_retroazimuthal_projection_back_SW.JPG) | Retroazimuthal | | [Ernst Hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Hammer_(cartographer)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernst Hammer (cartographer) (page does not exist)") | | | 1833 | [Littrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littrow_projection "Littrow projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Littrow_projection_SW.JPG) | Retroazimuthal | Conformal | [Joseph Johann Littrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Johann_Littrow "Joseph Johann Littrow") | on equatorial aspect it shows a hemisphere except for poles. | | 1943 | [Armadillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo_projection "Armadillo projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armadillo_projection_SW.JPG) | Other | Compromise | [Erwin Raisz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Raisz "Erwin Raisz") | | | 1982 | [GS50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS50_projection "GS50 projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GS50_projection.png) | Other | Conformal | [John P. Snyder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Snyder "John P. Snyder") | Designed specifically to minimize distortion when used to display all 50 [U.S. states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state "U.S. state"). | | 1941 | Wagner VII <br>= Hammer-Wagner | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagner-VII_world_map_projection.jpg) | Pseudoazimuthal | Equal-area | K. H. Wagner | | | 1947? | [Chamberlin trimetric projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlin_trimetric_projection "Chamberlin trimetric projection") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamberlin_trimetric_projection_SW.jpg) | Other | Compromise | Wellman Chamberlin | Many National Geographic Society maps of single continents use this projection. | | 1948 | Atlantis <br>= Transverse Mollweide | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantis-landscape.jpg) | Pseudocylindrical | Equal-area | John Bartholomew | Oblique version of Mollweide | | 1953 | Bertin <br>= Bertin-Rivière <br>= Bertin 1953 | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertin-map.jpg) | Other | Compromise | Jacques Bertin | Projection in which the compromise is no longer homogeneous but instead is modified for a larger deformation of the oceans, to achieve lesser deformation of the continents. Commonly used for French geopolitical maps.[[10]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-10) | | 2002 | Hao projection | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hao_projection_(north).png) | Pseudoconical | Compromise | Hao Xiaoguang | Known as "plane terrestrial globe",[[11]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-11) it was adopted by the [People's Liberation Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army "People's Liberation Army") for the official military maps and China’s State Oceanic Administration for polar expeditions.[[12]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-12)[[13]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections#cite_note-13) | *T ![[Attachments/Cylindrical.png]] ![[Attachments/Ae gridlines.png]] ![[Attachments/Mercaotor gridlines .png]] ![[Attachments/dual hemisphere.png]] ![[Attachments/gobualr .png]] ![[Attachments/mercator 2.png]] ![[Attachments/9 in noth 9 in south.png]] ![[Attachments/flgiht ae.pngwqwwq.png]] ![[Attachments/20 lines of lasde.png]] ![[Attachments/20 lines of lat.png]] ![[Attachments/wireframe.png]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-07-03 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-07-06 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-07-09 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-22-55 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-24-00 2.png]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-29-29 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/robinson 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/az mapped out 2.png]] ![[Attachments/rpboinsoon 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/robinson mapped 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Los Angeles, CA—Zürich, Switzerland 2.png]] ![[Attachments/1920px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Gall-Peters_equal-area_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/2560px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_equirectangular_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection_with_Tissot's_indicatrix 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Fuller_projection_with_Tissot's_indicatrix_of_deformation 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Stereographic_projection_with_Tissot's_indicatrix 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Lambert_cyl_equal-area_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mollweide_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Robinson_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_sinusoidal_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Winkel_Tripel_proj.svg 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Transverse_Mercator_projection_of_Standard_meridian_135E-45W_withTissot's_indicatrix 2.png]] ![[Attachments/robinson (2).jpg]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_behrmann 2.png]] ![[Attachments/Tissot_mercator 2.png]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-24-00 (2).png]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-29-29 (2).jpg]] ![[Attachments/photo_2024-02-24_16-07-00 2.jpg]] ![[Attachments/Map projections.pdf]]![[Attachments/Pasted image 20240414224720.png]]