[Eclipses](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipses) [Attachments/LibraryBackup/Eclipse Backup](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Attachments/LibraryBackup/Eclipse+Backup) Also available from my file share: The BIBLE: FRED Espenak files.aethercosmology.com/s/EclipsePDFs _[Fifty Year Canon of Solar Eclipses: 1986 - 2035](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/RP1178.html)_ [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf) and _[Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses: 1986 - 2035]([https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/RP1216.html](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/RP1216.html) [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf)_ [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/FiftyYearCanonOfSolarEclipses1986-2035_NASA1178a.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/FiftyYearCanonOfSolarEclipses1986-2035_NASA1178a.pdf) Excellent non nasa source: [http://www.jgiesen.de/saros/index.html#sources](http://www.jgiesen.de/saros/index.html#sources) [https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm](https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm) Index of /~jeffery/astro/eclipse [https://www.physics.unlv.edu/~jeffery/astro/eclipse/](https://www.physics.unlv.edu/~jeffery/astro/eclipse/) Astrology source for solar eclipses [http://www.archaeocosmology.org/eng/eclipse.htm](http://www.archaeocosmology.org/eng/eclipse.htm)  Eclipse Cycle Team Pattern Visualizations Part 1 [https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773944363611046202](https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773944363611046202) Part 2 [https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773945713149235330](https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773945713149235330) LINK All Past Time - J. B. Dimbleby [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/All+Past+Time+-+J.+B.+Dimbleby](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/All+Past+Time+-+J.+B.+Dimbleby) Besselian Elements & Interpolation [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Besselian+Elements+%26+Interpolation](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Besselian+Elements+%26+Interpolation) Eclipse - The Religious Perspective [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+-+The+Religious+Perspective](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+-+The+Religious+Perspective) Eclipse PDFs [https://twitter.com/compose/articles/edit/1773944925773590528](https://twitter.com/compose/articles/edit/1773944925773590528) Eclipse Sources [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+Sources](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+Sources) Rahu and Ketu [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Rahu+and+Ketu](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Rahu+and+Ketu) Sun and Moon [https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Sun+and+Moon](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Sun+and+Moon) Part 1 https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773944363611046202 Part 2 https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773945713149235330 LINKS All Past Time - J. B. Dimbleby https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/All+Past+Time+-+J.+B.+Dimbleby Besselian Elements & Interpolation https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Besselian+Elements+%26+Interpolation Eclipse - The Religious Perspective https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+-+The+Religious+Perspective Eclipse PDFs https://twitter.com/compose/articles/edit/1773944925773590528 Eclipse Sources https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+Sources Rahu and Ketu https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Rahu+and+Ketu Sun and Moon https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Sun+and+Moon The ELP2000 VSOP87 Ephemeris https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/The+ELP2000++VSOP87+Ephemeris" url: "Eclipse Cycle Team Pattern Visualizations Part 1 https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773944363611046202 Part 2 https://twitter.com/AntiDisinfo86/status/1773945713149235330 LINKS All Past Time - J. B. Dimbleby https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/All+Past+Time+-+J.+B.+Dimbleby Besselian Elements & Interpolation https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Besselian+Elements+%26+Interpolation Eclipse - The Religious Perspective https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+-+The+Religious+Perspective Eclipse PDFs https://twitter.com/compose/articles/edit/1773944925773590528 Eclipse Sources https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+Sources Rahu and Ketu https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Rahu+and+Ketu Sun and Moon https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Sun+and+Moon The ELP2000 VSOP87 Ephemeris https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/The+ELP2000++VSOP87+Ephemeris" [Eclipse stuff](https://www.canva.com/design/DAF_InTbj8g/_BiwasBgRQKZ4KT4PRVK8w/watch?utm_content=DAF_InTbj8g&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=embeds&utm_source=link) by Shane ### Solar & Lunar Eclipse Catalogues  [https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles_tables.htm#Online_Tables_and_Calculators](https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles_tables.htm#Online_Tables_and_Calculators) # A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles  [https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm](https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm) [https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/why/solsys](https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/why/solsys) # Umbral and total eclipse intervals seen from a certain location  [http://www.archaeocosmology.org/eng/umbraltotaleclipses.htm](http://www.archaeocosmology.org/eng/umbraltotaleclipses.htm) 1. Trowbridge, D. (1874). "The Recurrence of Eclipses." _The Analyst, 1_(1), 3-5. Retrieved from [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2635490](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2635490). 2. Rehak, A. (2002). "Regression of Lunar nodes." 3. Dimbleby, J. B. (1894). "All Past Time: All eclipses and transits from creation." 4. Hayakawa, H. (2021). "Analyses of a Datable Solar Eclipse Record in Maya Classic Period Monumental Inscriptions." _Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, D._ 5. HUNGER, H. (1988). "ASTRONOMICAL DIARIES AND RELATED TEXT FROM BABYLONIA." 6. Fendt, W. (2002). "Basics of Positional Astronomy and Ephemerides." 7. Costantino Sigismondi, P. D. V. (2024). "Eclipses: A Brief History of Celestial Mechanics, Astrometry and Astrophysics." _ICRANet International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network._ 8. Espenak, F. (2009). "Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses." 9. Espenak, F. (2009). "Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses." 10. Jeffreys, H. (2002). "Historical eclipses and Earth’s rotation." 11. RAPPENGLÜCK, M. A. (2001). "PALAEOLITHIC TIMEKEEPERS LOOKING AT THE GOLDEN GATE." 12. Trowbridge, D. (1874). "The Recurrence of Eclipses." _The Analyst, 1_(1), 3-5. 13. Brad, B. (1995). "The Saros Cycle - Eclipses come in Families." [www.BernadetteBrady.com](https://chat.openai.com/c/www.BernadetteBrady.com). 14. Sigismondi, C. (2006). "Solar radius in 2005 and 2006 eclipses." _ICRA, International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics._ # 5000 Years of Total Solar Eclipses  [https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5222#media_group_373459](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5222#media_group_373459) # Acknowledgments  All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Permission is granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by a link and an acknowledgment: "Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, [www.EclipseWise.com"](http://www.eclipsewise.com"/) [https://eclipse.aas.org/resources/apps-software](https://eclipse.aas.org/resources/apps-software) [http://www.moonglowtech.com/products/EclipseOrchestrator/Sell.shtml](http://www.moonglowtech.com/products/EclipseOrchestrator/Sell.shtml) [https://eclipse2024.org/2023eclipse/eclipse_cities/statemap.html](https://eclipse2024.org/2023eclipse/eclipse_cities/statemap.html) [https://eclipse2024.org/simvideos/2024vidmap/index.html#2/41.8/-103.9](https://eclipse2024.org/simvideos/2024vidmap/index.html#2/41.8/-103.9) [https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html) Using [ΔT](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html) values derived from the historical record and from direct observations (see: [Table 1](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html#tab1) and [Table 2](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html#tab2) ), a series of polynomial expressions have been created to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time during the interval -1999 to +3000. We define the decimal year "y" as follows:                                   y = year + (month - 0.5)/12 This gives "y" for the middle of the month, which is accurate enough given the precision in the known values of ΔT. The following polynomial expressions can be used calculate the value of ΔT (in seconds) over the time period covered by both the _[Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500 [Espenak]](https://eclipsewise.com/pubs/ap001.html)_ and the _[Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 [Espenak and Meeus]](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEpubs/5MCSE.html)_. Before the year -500, calculate:                                   ΔT = -20 + 32 * u^2                                   where:  u = (year-1820)/100 Between years -500 and +500, we use the data from [Table 1](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat2004.html#tab1), except that for the year -500 we changed the value 17190 to 17203.7 in order to avoid a discontinuity with the previous formula at that epoch. The value for ΔT is given by a polynomial of the 6th degree, which reproduces the values in [Table 1](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat2004.html#tab1) with an error not larger than 4 seconds:                  ΔT = 10583.6 - 1014.41 _u + 33.78311_ u^2 - 5.952053 * u^3                                   - 0.1798452 _u^4 + 0.022174192_ u^5 + 0.0090316521 * u^6                  where: u = y/100 Between years +500 and +1600, we again use the data from [Table 1](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat2004.html#tab1) to derive a polynomial of the 6th degree.                  ΔT = 1574.2 - 556.01 _u + 71.23472_ u^2 + 0.319781 * u^3                                   - 0.8503463 _u^4 - 0.005050998_ u^5 + 0.0083572073 * u^6                  where: u = (y-1000)/100 Between years +1600 and +1700, calculate:                  ΔT = 120 - 0.9808 _t - 0.01532_ t^2 + t^3 / 7129                  where:  t = y - 1600 Between years +1700 and +1800, calculate:                  ΔT = 8.83 + 0.1603 _t - 0.0059285_ t^2 + 0.00013336 * t^3 - t^4 / 1174000                  where: t = y - 1700 Between years +1800 and +1860, calculate:                  ΔT = 13.72 - 0.332447 _t + 0.0068612_ t^2 + 0.0041116 _t^3 - 0.00037436_ t^4                                   + 0.0000121272 _t^5 - 0.0000001699_ t^6 + 0.000000000875 * t^7                  where: t = y - 1800 Between years 1860 and 1900, calculate:                  ΔT = 7.62 + 0.5737 _t - 0.251754_ t^2 + 0.01680668 * t^3                                   -0.0004473624 * t^4 + t^5 / 233174                  where: t = y - 1860 Between years 1900 and 1920, calculate:                  ΔT = -2.79 + 1.494119 _t - 0.0598939_ t^2 + 0.0061966 _t^3 - 0.000197_ t^4                  where: t = y - 1900 Between years 1920 and 1941, calculate:                  ΔT = 21.20 + 0.84493_t - 0.076100_ t^2 + 0.0020936 * t^3                  where: t = y - 1920 Between years 1941 and 1961, calculate:                  ΔT = 29.07 + 0.407*t - t^2/233 + t^3 / 2547                  where: t = y - 1950 Between years 1961 and 1986, calculate:                  ΔT = 45.45 + 1.067*t - t^2/260 - t^3 / 718                  where: t = y - 1975 Between years 1986 and 2005, calculate:                  ΔT = 63.86 + 0.3345 _t - 0.060374_ t^2 + 0.0017275 _t^3 + 0.000651814_ t^4                                   + 0.00002373599 * t^5                  where: t = y - 2000 The polynomial expression [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipseExposure.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipseExposure.html) #### Fred Espenak  [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scY328bZzfw&ab_channel=Eclipse2024.org%27sEclipseSimulator](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scY328bZzfw&ab_channel=Eclipse2024.org%27sEclipseSimulator) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html#section106](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html#section106) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpanorama.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpanorama.html) ## Solar Eclipse Publications  - [**Eclipse Almanac: 2021 to 2030**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/EclipseAlmanac.html) - overview of all solar and lunar eclipses for the decade - [**21st Century Canon of Solar Eclipses**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/21CCSE.html) - covers every solar eclipse from 2001 through 2100 - [**Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/TYCSE.html) - basic details about every solar eclipse for 1000 years - [**Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/5MCSE2.html) - the ultimate reference with maps and diagrams - [**Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/5MKSE2.html) - the ultimate reference containing comprehensive tables - [**Atlas of Central Solar Eclipses in the USA**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/SEUSA.html) - 2,000 years of solar eclipses through North America - [**Road Atlas of the Annular Solar Eclipse of 2023 October 14**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/Atlas2023.html) - detailed maps of the annular eclipse path - [**Road Atlas of the Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 April 08**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/Atlas2024.html) - detailed maps of the total eclipse path - [**Astropixels Publishing**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/index.html) - link to more eclipse publications # Solar Eclipse Links  • **[Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html "Solar Eclipses")** - main page • **[Solar Eclipse Basics](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEbasics.html)** - a primer on solar eclipses • **Observer's Handbook - Eclipses During the Year** (a detailed look at every eclipse in a given year)  | [2011](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2011.html) | [2012](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2012.html) | [2013](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2013.html) | [2014](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2014.html) | [2015](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2015.html) | [2016](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2016.html) | [2017](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2017.html) | [2018](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2018.html) | [2019](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2019.html) | [2020](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2020.html) |  | [2021](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2021.html) | [2022](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2022.html) | [2023](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2023.html) | [2024](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2024.html) | [2025](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2025.html) | [2026](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2026.html) | [2027](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2027.html) | [2028](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2028.html) | [2029](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2029.html) | [2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2030.html) | • **Decade Pages of Solar Eclipses:**  | [1901 - 1910](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1901.html) | [1911 - 1919](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1911.html) | [1921 - 1930](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1921.html) | [1931 - 1940](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1931.html) | [1941 - 1950](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1941.html) |  | [1951 - 1960](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1951.html) | [1961 - 1970](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1961.html) | [1971 - 1980](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1971.html) | [1981 - 1990](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1981.html) | [1991 - 2000](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade1991.html) |  | [2001 - 2010](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2001.html) | [2011 - 2020](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html) | [2021 - 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2021.html) | [2031 - 2040](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2031.html) | [2041 - 2050](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2041.html) |  | [2051 - 2060](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2051.html) | [2061 - 2070](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2061.html) | [2071 - 2080](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2071.html) | [2081 - 2090](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2081.html) | [2091 - 2100](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2091.html) | • **Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses:**  | [2001 - 2010](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2001.html#animate) | [2011 - 2020](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html#animate) | [2021 - 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2021.html#animate) | [2031 - 2040](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2031.html#animate) | [2041 - 2050](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2041.html#animate) |  | [2051 - 2060](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2051.html#animate) | [2061 - 2070](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2061.html#animate) | [2071 - 2080](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2071.html#animate) | [2081 - 2090](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2081.html#animate) | [2091 - 2100](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2091.html#animate) | • **World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Maps:** [Index Page](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas.html)  | [1901 - 1920](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1901.GIF) | [1921 - 1940](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1921.GIF) | [1941 - 1960](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1941.GIF) | [1961 - 1980](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1961.GIF) | [1981 - 2000](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1981.GIF) |  | [2001 - 2020](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2001.GIF) | [2021 - 2040](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2021.GIF) | [2041 - 2060](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2041.GIF) | [2061 - 2080](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2061.GIF) | [2081 - 2100](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2081.GIF) | - [Solar Eclipse Basics](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEbasics.html) - a primer on solar eclipses - [Solar Eclipses and the Saros](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html) - details on the Saros cycle - [Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2001 - 2100](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEanimate2001.html "Animations") - animated maps for every solar eclipse during the 21st Century - [21st Century World Atlas of Central Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEatlas2021.html) - covers the years 2001 to 2100 - [21st Century Catalog of Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcatalog/21CCSEcat.html) - covers the years 2001 to 2100 - [World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Maps](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas.html) - covers the years -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) - [Central Solar Eclipses in the USA](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcountry/SEinUSA.html) - maps for all central solar eclipses in the USA from 1001 to 3000 - [Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcatalog/SEcatalog.html) - including the years -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) - [Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsaros/SEsaroscat.html "Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series") - including Saros series -30 through 190 - [Solar Eclipse Search Engine](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsearch/SEsearch.php) - search for solar eclipses from -1999 to +3000 - [Javascript Solar Eclipse Explorer](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-index.html) - calculate all solar eclipses visible from a city - [Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest](https://www.eclipsewise.com/extra/SEhistory.html) - includes a list of noteworthy solar eclipses from history - [Solar Eclipses of History (Reis)](https://www.eclipsewise.com/extra/SEhistoryReis.html) - a contributed article from Norma Reis - [Solar Eclipse Statistics](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEstatistics.html) - the frequency of eclipse types, extremes, and combinations - [Periodicity of Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html) - eclipse seasons, Saros and Inex - [Saros Inex Panorama](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpanorama.html) - includes 61,775 solar eclipses from -11,000 to +15,000 - [Eclipses and the Moon's Orbit](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/moonorbit.html) - lunar cycles and eclipses - [Solar Eclipse Predictions and the Mean Lunar Radius](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEradius.html) - [Delta T](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html) - [Polynomial Expressions for Delta T](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/deltatpoly2014.html) - [Uncertainty in Delta T](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/uncertainty.html) - [**MrEclipse.com**](http://www.mreclipse.com/MrEclipse.html) - Eclipse resources and tips on photography - [Solar Eclipses for Beginners](http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html) - a primer on solar eclipse basics - [How to Photograph a Total Solar Eclipse](http://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEphoto.html) - instructions for imaging a total eclipse of the Sun - [How to Photograph an Annular Solar Eclipse](http://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEphotoA.html) - instructions for imaging an annular eclipse of the Sun - [MrEclipse Photo Index](http://www.mreclipse.com/main/photoindex.html) - an index of solar eclipse photographs ### Additional Solar Eclipse Links  - [NASA Eclipse Web Site](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html) - [USNO Eclipse Portal](http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclbin/query_usno.cgi) - USNO - [International Astronomical Union's Solar Eclipse Working Group](http://www.eclipses.info/) - links to eclipse maps and other information - [Solar Eclipses](http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/total-solar-eclipse.html) - Date and Time - [Eclipsophile](https://eclipsophile.com/) - Jay Anderson's Eclipse Weather - [Interactive Eclipse Maps](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html) - Xavier Jubier's eclipse mapping web application - [Eclipse-Maps.com](http://www.eclipse-maps.com/Eclipse-Maps/Welcome.html) - Michael Zeiler - [Eclipse-Chasers.com](http://www.eclipse-chasers.com/Map.html) - Bill Kramer - [eclipse2024.org](http://www.eclipse2024.org/) - Dan McGlaun - [Great American Eclipse](http://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/) - Michael Zeiler - [UMBRAPHILLIA](http://nicmosis.as.arizona.edu:8000/UMBRAPHILLIA.html) - Dr. Glenn Schneider - [The Clock Tower](http://www.clock-tower.com/) - Sheridan Williams - [SEML](https://groups.io/g/SEML) - Solar Eclipse Mailing List (groups.io) - [Solar Eclipse Conference 2014](http://www.eclipse-chasers.com/article/SEC2014.html) - Oct. 25-26, 2014 - [Solar Eclipse Conference 2018](http://www.sec2018.be/) - August 2-5, 2018 - [Solar Eclipse Conference 2022](https://www.sec2022.com/) - Aug. 31st - Sept. 3rd, 2022 - [**Solar Eclipse Countdown Timer: TSE2017**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipsecountdown/eclipsecountdownTSE2017.html) - [**Solar Eclipse Countdown Timer: TSE2019**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipsecountdown/eclipsecountdownTSE2019.html) - [**Solar Eclipse Countdown Timer: ASE2023**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipsecountdown/eclipsecountdownASE2023.html) - [**Solar Eclipse Countdown Timer: TSE2024**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipsecountdown/eclipsecountdownTSE2024.html) #### For more information about these eclipses, visit: [Decade of Solar Eclipses: 2021 to 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2021.html)  #### For a book on all solar and lunar eclipses, visit: [Eclipse Almanac: 2021 to 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/EclipseAlmanac.html)  #### For a World Map of other decades, visit: [21st Century World Atlas of Central Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas21.html)  #### Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2022 - 2030  Michael Zeiler [GreatAmericanEclipse.com](https://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/) and Fred Espenak [EclipseWise.com](http://eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html) have created a series of eclipse animations - one for every solar eclipse during the 21st Century. The animations show the path of the Moon's large penumbral and smaller umbral shadows as they sweep across a global map of Earth. Animations are available in three sizes/resolutions: small (300 x 300 pixels), medium (400 x 400 pixels), and large (800 x 800 pixels). They can be viewed through the links below each thumbnail. These animations may be freely used through Creative Commons. You may use and distribute these eclipse animations when accompanied by the following attribution: _"Global Map Animation of Solar Eclipse courtesy of Michael Zeiler (GreatAmericanEclipse.com) and Fred Espenak (EclipseWise.com)"._ |Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2022 - 2030|   |   |   |   | |---|---|---|---|---| |[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2022 Apr 30](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2022Apr30Pprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2022_04_30_PSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2022_04_30_PSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2022_04_30_PSE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2022 Oct 25](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2022Oct25Pprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2022_10_25_PSE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2022_10_25_PSE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2022_10_25_PSE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Hybrid Solar Eclipse  2023 Apr 20](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2023Apr20Hprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2023_04_20_HSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2023_04_20_HSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2023_04_20_HSE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2023 Oct 14](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2023Oct14Aprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2023_10_14_ASE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2023_10_14_ASE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2023_10_14_ASE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2024 Apr 08](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2024_04_08_TSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2024_04_08_TSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2024_04_08_TSE_800px.gif) --- ___| |[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2024 Oct 02](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2024Oct02Aprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2024_10_02_ASE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2024_10_02_ASE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2024_10_02_ASE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2025 Mar 29](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2025Mar29Pprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2025_03_29_PSE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2025_03_29_PSE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2025_03_29_PSE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2025 Sep 21](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2025Sep21Pprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2025_09_21_PSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2025_09_21_PSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2025_09_21_PSE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2026 Feb 17](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2026Feb17Aprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2026_02_17_ASE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2026_02_17_ASE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2026_02_17_ASE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2026 Aug 12](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2026Aug12Tprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2026_08_12_TSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2026_08_12_TSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2026_08_12_TSE_800px.gif) --- ___| |[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2027 Feb 06](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2027Feb06Aprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2027_02_06_ASE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2027_02_06_ASE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2027_02_06_ASE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2027 Aug 02](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2027Aug02Tprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2027_08_02_TSE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2027_08_02_TSE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2027_08_02_TSE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2028 Jan 26](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2028Jan26Aprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2028_01_26_ASE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2028_01_26_ASE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2028_01_26_ASE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2028 Jul 22](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2028Jul22Tprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2028_07_22_TSE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2028_07_22_TSE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2028_07_22_TSE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jan 14](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jan14Pprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2029_01_14_PSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2029_01_14_PSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2029_01_14_PSE_800px.gif) --- ___| |[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jun 12](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jun12Pprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2029_06_12_PSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2029_06_12_PSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2029_06_12_PSE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jul 11](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jul11Pprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2029_07_11_PSE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2029_07_11_PSE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2029_07_11_PSE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Dec 05](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Dec05Pprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2029_12_05_PSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2029_12_05_PSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2029_12_05_PSE_800px.gif) --- **_|[Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2030 Jun 01](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2030Jun01Aprime.html)_  [Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2030_06_01_ASE_300px.gif)  _[Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2030_06_01_ASE_400px.gif)_ [Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2030_06_01_ASE_800px.gif) --- _**|[Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2030 Nov 25](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2030Nov25Tprime.html)   _[Small Animation: 300 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim300/2030_11_25_TSE_300px.gif)_ [Medium Animation: 400 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2030_11_25_TSE_400px.gif)  _[Large Animation: 800 px](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim800/2030_11_25_TSE_800px.gif) --- ___| - [Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2001 - 2100](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEanimate2001.html "Animations") - animated maps for every solar eclipse during the 21st Century #### EclipseWise  - _**[EclipseWise.com]([https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html) "EclipseWise.com"")**_ - primary page for _EclipseWise.com_ - _**[EclipseWise Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html "EclipseWise")**_ - primary page for solar eclipse predictions - [Solar Eclipse Links](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#SElinks "Solar Eclipse Links") - main directory of links - _**[EclipseWise Resources](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/resources.html "EclipseWise")**_ - primary page for EclipseWise eclipse-related resources and links #### Solar Eclipse Publications  - [**Eclipse Almanac: 2021 to 2030**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/EclipseAlmanac.html) - all solar and lunar eclipses for the decade - [**21st Century Canon of Solar Eclipses**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/21CCSE.html) - every solar eclipse from 2001 through 2100 - [**Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/TYCSE.html) - basic details about every solar eclipse for 1000 years - [**Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/5MCSE2.html) - the ultimate reference with global maps - [**Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/pubs/5MKSE2.html) - the ultimate reference containing comprehensive tables Eclipse stuff [https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html](https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html "https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html")     Sky Path  [https://www.gregmiller.net/Sky_Path/](https://www.gregmiller.net/Sky_Path/ "https://www.gregmiller.net/Sky_Path/")     GPS Data  [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GPS.html?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=1&Spc=0.5](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GPS.html?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=1&Spc=0.5 "http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GPS.html?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=1&Spc=0.5")     [Five Millennium of Solar Eclipses - GPS gpx Files - Xavier Jubier](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GPS.html?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=1&Spc=0.5)     Generic GPS gpx file for a solar eclipse by Xavier Jubier     [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1 "http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1")     [2024 April 8 Total Solar Eclipse - Interactive Google Map - Xavier ...](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1)     Generic interactive Google Map for Solar Eclipses by Xavier Jubier     [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html "http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html")     [Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 - Xavier Ju...](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html)     Database mashup for the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses (-1999 to +3000) by Xavier Jubie     [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html "http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html")     [Solar Eclipses - Interactive Google Maps - Xavier Jubier](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html) #### Central Solar Eclipses: 2021 to 2030  The path of every central [solar eclipse (total, annular, and hybrid)](http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html) from 2021 to 2030 is plotted on the world map (equidistant cylindrical projection). The central paths of _[total eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#total)_ are shaded blue, while _[annular eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#annular)_ are shaded red. For hybrid eclipses, part of the path is shaded blue (total), and part is shaded red (annular). Major cities are plotted as black dots, scaled by population size. [ _Click HERE for a larger version of this map_ ]([https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEatlas2021.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEatlas2021.html)) ### Map helper  [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html) Interactive Google Maps [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEorth/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08T.gif](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEorth/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08T.gif) But how do you predict the size of the shadow? > In the early 1700s, Philippe de La Hire made a curious observation about Earth’s umbra. The predicted radius of the shadow needed to be enlarged by about 1/41 in order to fit timings made during a lunar eclipse (La Hire 1707). Additional observations over the next two centuries revealed that the shadow enlargement was somewhat variable from one eclipse to the next. According to Chauvenet (1891): “This fractional increase of the breath of the shadow was given by Lambert as 1/40, and by Mayer as 1/60. Beer and Maedler found 1/50 from a number of observations of eclipses of lunar spots in the very favorable eclipse of December 26, 1833.” Chauvenet adopted a value of 1/50, which has become the standard enlargement factor for lunar eclipse predictions published by many national institutes worldwide. The enlargement enters into the definitions of the penumbral and umbral shadow radii as follows.  [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf) So, the prediction of the enlargement of the shadow is entirely observational based. No Even though this is mapped on a globe, try not to let it bother you. All Maps are equal... Remember these circles are equal. [https://eclipsewise.com/extra/SEhistoryReis.html](https://eclipsewise.com/extra/SEhistoryReis.html) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3_Help.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3_Help.html) | Index                                                                                                         | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [Recent and Upcoming Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#recent)                     | | [Solar Eclipse Preview: 2022 to 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#preview)                   | | [Global Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2022 to 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#animate2021) | | [Central Solar Eclipses: 2021 to 2030](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#central)                  | | [Solar Eclipse Links](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#SElinks)                                   | | [Eclipse Publications](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#pubs)                                     | | [Transits of Mercury and Venus Links](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#TXlinks)                   | | [Predictions Info](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#predict)                                      | | [Donations](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html#donation)                                                | [ 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Photo Gallery]([http://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2017/TSE2017gallery](http://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2017/TSE2017gallery) - Click on any global map below to go directly to the _EclipseWise Prime Page_ for that eclipse containing detailed information, tables, diagrams and maps. [Key to Solar Eclipse Maps](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpingkey.html) explains the features in these maps. - Below each of the global eclipse maps is the hot link _Google Eclipse Map_. Click on this to take you to a web page showing the eclipse path plotted on an interactive Google Map. | Solar Eclipse Preview: 2022 through 2030                                                                                                                                                           | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2022 Apr 30](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2022Apr30Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2022Apr30Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2022 Oct 25](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2022Oct25Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2022Oct25Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Hybrid Solar Eclipse  2023 Apr 20](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2023Apr20Hprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2023Apr20Hgmapx.html#map)_ ---  | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2023 Oct 14](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2023Oct14Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2023Oct14Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2024 Apr 08](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tgmapx.html#map)_ ---   | | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2024 Oct 02](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2024Oct02Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2024Oct02Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2025 Mar 29](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2025Mar29Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2025Mar29Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2025 Sep 21](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2025Sep21Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2025Sep21Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2026 Feb 17](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2026Feb17Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2026Feb17Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2026 Aug 12](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2026Aug12Tprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2026Aug12Tgmapx.html#map)_ ---   | | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2027 Feb 06](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2027Feb06Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2027Feb06Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2027 Aug 02](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2027Aug02Tprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2027Aug02Tgmapx.html#map)_ ---   | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2028 Jan 26](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2028Jan26Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2028Jan26Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2028 Jul 22](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2028Jul22Tprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2028Jul22Tgmapx.html#map)_ ---   | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jan 14](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jan14Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2029Jan14Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jun 12](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jun12Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2029Jun12Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Jul 11](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jul11Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2029Jul11Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Partial Solar Eclipse  2029 Dec 05](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Dec05Pprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2029Dec05Pgmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Annular Solar Eclipse  2030 Jun 01](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2030Jun01Aprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2030Jun01Agmapx.html#map)_ --- | [Prime Page for  Total Solar Eclipse  2030 Nov 25](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2030Nov25Tprime.html)   _[Link: Google Eclipse Map](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/2001-2100/SE2030Nov25Tgmapx.html#map)_ ---   | |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | #  Five Millennium (-1999 to +3000) Canon of Solar Eclipses Database  [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_2_Five_Millennium_Canon.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_2_Five_Millennium_Canon.html)  They will say both Fred and NASA used data from this ephemeris, as if that is exclusive to their model in any way. [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LEcatkey.html](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LEcatkey.html) Chapront, J., M. Chapront-Touze, and G. Francou, "A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements," Astron. Astrophys., 387, pp. 700-709 (2002). [https://cddis.nasa.gov/lw13/docs/papers/llr_chapront_1m.pdf](https://cddis.nasa.gov/lw13/docs/papers/llr_chapront_1m.pdf) ## Transits of Mercury and Venus Links  - [**Transits of Mercury and Venus**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/transit/transit.html) - Introduction page - [Seven Century Catalog of Mercury Transits: 1600 CE to 2300 CE](https://www.eclipsewise.com/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html) - [Six Millennium Catalog of Venus Transits: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE](https://www.eclipsewise.com/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html) - [**2016 Transit of Mercury**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/tm2016.html) - complete details for the transit of Mercury on 2016 May 09 - [**2019 Transit of Mercury**](https://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/tm2019.html) - complete details for the transit of Mercury on 2019 Nov 11 [  **Order Solar Eclipse Glasses from American Paper Optics (click here)**  ISO (International Standards Organization) certified safe for direct solar viewing]([https://www.eclipseglasses.com/collections/eclipse-glasses-stock?sca_ref=2278766.LleZwi9sBo](https://www.eclipseglasses.com/collections/eclipse-glasses-stock?sca_ref=2278766.LleZwi9sBo) "Eclipse Glasses") ## Eclipse Predictions  [https://eclipsewise.com/pubs/images/EA21-LE-Key.pdf](https://eclipsewise.com/pubs/images/EA21-LE-Key.pdf) The eclipse predictions presented here were generated using the [JPL DE406](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/de406-predictions.html) solar and lunar ephemerides. The lunar coordinates have been calculated with respect to the Moon's _[Center of Mass](https://www.eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#com)_. ## Shane's Pivot Table .pdf  Shane's Eclipse Pivot Table  (with VLOOKUP's to fill in data) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#com](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#com) ## Glossary of Terms   [https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#node](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#node) **annular solar eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's antumbral shadow traverses Earth (the Moon is too far from Earth to completely cover the Sun). During the maximum phase of an annular eclipse, the Sun appears as a blindingly bright ring surrounding the Moon. **annularity** - The maximum phase of an annular eclipse during which the Moon's entire disk is seen silhouetted against the Sun. Annularity is the period between second and third contact during an annular eclipse. It can last from a fraction of a second to a maximum of 12 minutes 29 seconds. **anomalistic month** - The time required for the Moon to make one revolution around its orbit with respect to the perigee; the length of the mean anomalistic month as calculated for the year 2000 is 27.55455 days (27d 13h 18m 33s); the actual duration can vary by several days due to the gravitational perturbations of the Sun on the Moon's eccentric orbit. **antumbra** - The antumbra is that part of the Moon's shadow that extends beyond the umbra. It is similar to the penumbra in that the Sun is only partially blocked by the Moon. From within the antumbra, the Sun appears larger than the Moon which is seen in complete silhouette. An annular eclipse is seen when an observer passes through the antumbra. **aphelion** - The point along a planetary orbit that is farthest from the Sun; Earth's mean distance at aphelion is 152,097,701 km; Earth's true distance at aphelion varies from 152,083,140 km to 152,104,533 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun, Moon and planets; See: _[Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/perap2001.html)_. **apogee** - The point along the Moon's orbit that is farthest from Earth; the Moon's mean distance at apogee is 405,504 km; the Moon's true distance at apogee varies from 404,042 to 406,725 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun and Earth; See: _[Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html)_. **Besselian elements** - The Besselian elements are a series of time dependent variables used to calculate various aspects of a solar eclipse. They describe the movement of the Moon's shadow with respect to the fundamental plane. This plane passes through the center of Earth and is oriented perpendicular to the Moon's shadow axis. Next, the shadow cone is projected onto Earth's surface including the effects of Earth's rotation, the flattening of Earth and the latitude, longitude and elevation of the observer. The local circumstances at the observer's position can then be calculated including the eclipse contact times, eclipse magnitude and the duration of totality (or annularity). **Brown Lunation Number** - the number given to each [lunation](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#lunation) beginning at the first new moon of 1923, the year when Ernest W. Brown's lunar theory was introduced in the major national astronomical almanacs. **center of figure** - The center of figure of a celestial body (e.g., planet, moon) is the apparent center of the object with respect to its surface and takes into account irregularities in its shape. If the distribution of mass is not uniform, then the _[center of mass](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#com)_ does not coincide with the _center of figure_. In the case of the Moon, the offset between the _center of mass_ and _center of figure_ is ~0.5 kilometers. **center of mass** - In orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of celestial bodies (stars, planets, moons, etc.) are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. In other words, the motion of a celestial body can be predicted assuming the object's entire mass is concentrated into one single point called the _center of mass_. **central eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone traverses Earth thereby producing a central line in the eclipse track. The umbra or antumbra falls entirely upon Earth so the ground track has both a northern and southern limit. Central solar eclipses can be either total, annular or hybrid. **central eclipse (one limit)** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone traverses Earth. However, a portion of the umbra or antumbra misses Earth throughout the eclipse and the resulting ground track has just one limit. Central solar eclipses with one limit can be either total, annular or hybrid. **central line** - The central line is the locus of points of intersection of the axis of the Moon's shadow with the surface of Earth. It is sometimes called the "center line" or "centerline". **Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)** - The primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time; UTC is one of several closely related successors to [Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#GMT); for most common purposes, UTC is synonymous with GMT, although GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community; while [Universal Time (UT1)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UT1) is based on the [rotation](https://eclipsewise.com/help/rotation.html) of Earth in relation to distant celestial objects (stars and quasars), UTC is based on _[International Atomic Time](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)_ and is adjusted to remain within 1 second of [Universal Time (UT1)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UT1) through the occasional addition of a _[leap second](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second)_. **declination** - The latitude of a point on the celestial sphere using the equatorial coordinate system; declination divides the sky into 180 degrees (90 degrees north (+) and south (-) of the celestial equator) **ΔT (Delta T)** - ΔT (Delta T) is the time difference obtained by subtracting [Universal Time (UT1)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UT1) from [Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#TD). It is a measure of how much Earth's [rotation](https://eclipsewise.com/help/rotation.html) period has changed. See [Delta T](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html) for more information. **draconic month** - The average interval between two successive passes of the moon through the ascending node of its orbit and is equal to 27.212220 days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s); the moon's orbit slowly rotates westward on its axis and precesses over 360 ° in a period of 18.6 years. **eclipse magnitude** - Eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun’s diameter occulted by the Moon. It is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with eclipse obscuration, which is a measure of the Sun’s surface area occulted by the Moon. Eclipse magnitude may be expressed as either a percentage or a decimal fraction (e.g., 50% or 0.50). By convention, its value is given at the instant of greatest eclipse. **eclipse obscuration** - Eclipse obscuration is the fraction of the Sun’s area occulted by the Moon. It should not be confused with eclipse magnitude, which is the fraction of the Sun’s diameter occulted by the Moon. Eclipse obscuration may be expressed as either a percentage or a decimal fraction (e.g., 50% or 0.50). **eclipse season** - An eclipse season is a period during which the Sun appears close enough to one of the Moon’s [nodes](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#node) to permit an eclipse to occur. Each season lasts approximately 34 days and repeats at about 173-day intervals. Thus there are always two full eclipse seasons each year. The 173-day interval is the time it takes the Sun to travel from one lunar [node](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#node) to the next. Because the Moon’s [synodic period](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#synodic) is shorter than an eclipse season, there is a least one solar and one lunar eclipse during every eclipse season. (see _[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_season)_) **ecliptic** - The apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere as seen from Earth; the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun as seen projected onto the sky from Earth; the Moon and planets all appear within several degrees of the ecliptic. **ephemeris** - A table of values that gives the positions of astronomical objects in the sky over a range of times; the positions of celestial objects (Sun, Moon, planets, etc.) are given in [right ascension](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#ra) (celestial longitude) and [declination](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#dec) (celestial latitude); the plural is _ephemerides_. **equinox** - The moment in time at which the vernal point, celestial equator, and other elements are used in the definition of a celestial coordinate system; Equinox J2000 is the current standard equinox taken at 2000 January 1 at 12:00:00 [Terrestrial Time (TT)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#TT). **eye safety** - The only time that the Sun can be viewed safely with the naked eye is during a total eclipse, when the Moon completely covers the disk of the Sun. It is never safe to look at a partial or annular eclipse, or the partial phases of a total solar eclipse, without the proper equipment and techniques. Even when 99% of the Sun's surface (the photosphere) is obscured during the partial phases of a solar eclipse, the remaining crescent Sun is still intense enough to cause permanent retinal damage, especially when viewed through binoculars or other optical aids. **first contact** - The instant when the partial phase of an eclipse begins. **fourth contact** - The instant when the partial phase of an eclipse ends. **gamma** - Gamma is the distance of the Moon’s shadow axis from Earth’s center in units of equatorial Earth radii. It is defined at the instant of greatest eclipse when its absolute value is at a minimum. **geocentric** - As seen from the center of Earth; the geocentric coordinates of a planet is the position of the planet as seen from Earth's center. **greatest duration** - Greatest duration (for total eclipses) is defined as the instant when the duration of totality reaches a maximum along the path of a total eclipse. The calculation of greatest duration requires an accurate lunar limb profile to account for the effects of mountains and valleys around the circumference of the Moon on the duration of totality. The length of totality calculated at _greatest duration_ may differ by 1-2 seconds compared with _[greatest eclipse](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#greatest)_, and the geographic location may differ by a hundred kilometers or more. **greatest eclipse** - Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to Earth's center. The computation of the duration of totality at this point is typically done using a smooth edge for the Moon that ignores the effects of mountains and valleys along the lunar limb. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse offers a good approximation (1-2 seconds) to the maximum duration of totality along the entire eclipse path. Far more rigorous calculations using the Moon's limb profile are required to predict the instant of [greatest duration](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#greatdur) (of totality) and a more accurate value for the maximum length of totality. For annular eclipses, the instant of _greatest duration_ may occur either near the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path. **Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)** - A time system originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory (Greenwich, London), which later became adopted as a global time standard; it is essentially the same as [Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UTC) which is a standard astronomical time system (astronomers no longer use the term "Greenwich Mean Time"); for more information, see: _[Greenwich Mean Time (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time)_. **Gregorian Calendar** - The civil calendar based on 12 months of 365 days, and a leap year of 366 days every 4 years; the Gregorian is a modification of the [Julian Calendar](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#juliancal) - normally, all years divisible by 4 are leap years, but years divisible by 100 are _NOT_ leap years, while years divisible by 400 _ARE_ leap years; the Gregorian Calendar first came into use in 1582 with the _[Gregorian Calendar Reform (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Gregorian_reform)_, and currently the internationally accepted civil calendar; for more information, see: _[Gregorian Calendar (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar)_. **horizontal parallax** - The apparent shift in the Moon's position when viewer by two observers who see the Moon directly in the zenith and on the horizon, respectively; it can also be defined as the angle subtended at the distance of the Moon by the radius of the Earth; also referred to as _lunar parallax_ or _lunar horizontal parallax_ for more information, see: _[lunar parallax (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax#Lunar_parallax)_. **hybrid solar eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's umbral and antumbral shadows traverse Earth (the eclipse appears annular and total along different sections of its path). Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular-total eclipses. In most cases, hybrid eclipses begin as annular, transform into total, and then revert back to annular before the end of their track. In rare instances, a hybrid eclipse may begin annular and end total, or vice versa. **Julian Calendar** - The civil calendar based on 12 months of 365 days, and a leap year of 366 days every 4 years; the Julian Calendar was used from 46 BCE until the [Gregorian Calendar](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#gregoriancal) reform in 1582; for more information, see: _[Julian Calendar (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar)_. **Julian Date** - The number of days and fractions elapsed since noon Universal Time on January 1, 4713 BCE; the Julian date is a convenient way of calculating dates in astronomical predictions; the _[Calendar Date Converter](http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/calendarconverter.html)_ can be used to convert between [Gregorian Calendar](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#gregoriancal) date, [Julian Calendar](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#juliancal) date and Julian Date. **Julian year** - A unit of time defined as exactly 365.25 days. **leap second** - A one-second adjustment that is occasionally applied to [Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UTC) in order to keep its time of day close to [Universal Time (UT1)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UT1) or mean solar time; for more information, see: _[leap second (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second)_. **libration** - While Moon generally keeps one hemisphere facing Earth as it orbits, the Moon also undergoes a small rocking motion, permitting an observer on Earth to see up to 58% of the Moon's surface. This motion is called libration and it has three components: - Libration in longitude results from the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit around Earth; the Moon's rotation sometimes leads and sometimes lags its orbital position. - Libration in latitude results from a slight inclination between the Moon's axis of rotation and the normal to the plane of its orbit around Earth. - Diurnal libration is a small daily oscillation due to Earth's rotation, which carries an observer from one side to the other of the straight line joining the centers of Earth and the Moon. This allows the observer to view at the Moon from slightly different directions and see around the edges of the Moon. The apparient orientation of the Moon's disk as seen from Earth is described by three angles: - l - libration in longitude. - b - libration in latitude. - c - position angle of Moon's north axis with respect to celestial north. **lunation** - the time elapsed from one New Moon to the next). In the year 2000, the average length of a lunation was 29.530588 days (or 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds). However, the length of any one synodic month can vary from 29.26 to 29.80 days due to the perturbing effects of the Sun's gravity on the Moon's eccentric orbit. **node** - The Moon's orbit is tipped about 5.1° to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The two points where the Moon's orbit crosses Earth's orbit are called the nodes. The _ascending node_ is where the Moon crosses to the north of Earth's orbit. The _descending node_ is where it crosses to the south. **non-central eclipse (one limit)** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone misses Earth. However, one edge of the umbra or antumbra grazes Earth thereby producing a ground track with one limit and no central line. Non-central solar eclipses can be either total, annular or hybrid. (Partial eclipses can also be considered non-central eclipses in which only the penumbral shadow traverses Earth's surface) **partial eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's penumbral shadow traverses Earth (umbral and antumbral shadows completely miss Earth). During a partial eclipse, the Moon appears to block part (but not all) of the Sun's disk.  From the prospective of an individual observer, a partial eclipse is one in which the observer is within the penumbral shadow but outside the path of the umbral or antumbral shadows. **perihelion** - The point along a planetary orbit that is closest to the Sun; Earth's mean distance at perihelion is 147,098,074 km; Earth's true distance at perihelion varies from 147,091,358 km to 147,112,452 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun, Moon and planets; See: _[Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/perap2001.html)_. **perigee** - The point along the Moon's orbit that is closest to Earth; the Moon's mean distance at perigee is 363,396 km; the Moon's true distance at perigee varies from 356,355 to 370,399 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun and Earth; See: _[Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html)_. **penumbra** - The penumbra is the weak or pale part of the Moon's shadow. From within the penumbra, the Sun is only partially blocked by the Moon as in the case of a partial eclipse. This contrasts with the umbra, where the Sun is completely blocked resulting in a total eclipse. **right ascension** - The longitude of a point on the celestial sphere using the equatorial coordinate system; right ascension divides the sky into 24 sections called hours (1 hour = 15 degrees). **saros** - The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3d (18yr 11d 8h). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The eclipses occur at the same node with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is a useful tool for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 or 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.  For more information, see [Eclipses and the Saros](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html). The [Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0 - 180](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsaros/SEsaroscat.html) provides complete details for all current Saros cycles. **second contact** - The instant when the total or annular phase of an eclipse begins. **sidereal time** - A time scale that is based on Earth's rotation measured relative to the fixed stars; the sidereal time at a geographic location is equal to the [right ascension](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#ra) crossing the local meridian at any given instant. **synodic month** - The orbital period of the Moon with respect to the Sun; the period of the Moon's phases has a mean duration of 29.530589 days (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s); due to gravitational perturbations in the Moon's orbit, the synodic month varies by +/- 6 hours from one month to the next; see: _[Phases of the Moon Photo Gallery](http://www.astropixels.com/moon/phases/phasesgallery.html)_. **Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD)** - The modern astronomical time standard defined by the International Astronomical Union, used for time-measurements of astronomical observations made from the surface of Earth; Terrestrial Dynamical Time is a uniform time scale free of the irregularities of mean solar time; also known as _Terrestrial Time (TT)_, the _"Astronomical Almanac"_ uses TT for its tables of positions (ephemerides) of the Sun, Moon and planets as seen from Earth; for more information, see: _[Terrestrial Time (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Time)_. **Terrestrial Time (TT)** - The modern astronomical time standard defined by the International Astronomical Union, used for time-measurements of astronomical observations made from the surface of Earth; Terrestrial Time is a uniform time scale free of the irregularities of mean solar time; also known as _Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD)_, the _"Astronomical Almanac"_ uses TT for its tables of positions (ephemerides) of the Sun, Moon and planets as seen from Earth; for more information, see: _[Terrestrial Time (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Time)_. **third contact** - The instant when the total or annular phase of an eclipse ends. **total solar eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's umbral shadow traverses Earth (Moon is close enough to Earth to completely cover the Sun). During the maximum phase of a total eclipse, the Sun's disk is completely blocked Moon. The Sun's faint corona is then safely revealed to the naked eye. **totality** - The maximum phase of a total eclipse during which the Moon's disk completely covers the Sun. Totality is the period between second and third contact during a total eclipse. It can last from a fraction of a second to a maximum of 7 minutes 32 seconds. **umbra** - The umbra is the darkest part of the Moon's shadow. From within the umbra, the Sun is completely blocked by the Moon as in the case of a total eclipse. This contrasts with the penumbra, where the Sun is only partially blocked resulting in a partial eclipse. **Universal Time (UT1)** - A time scale based on the rotation of Earth in relation to distant celestial objects (stars and quasars); UT1 is a non-uniform time scale because Earth's [rotational period](https://eclipsewise.com/help/rotation.html) is slowly increasing due to tidal interaction with the Moon; the modern continuation of [Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#GMT), i.e., the mean solar time on the Prime Meridian at Greenwich; for the casual user, UT1 (sometimes referred to simply as UT) is essentially the same as GMT and is often used interchangeably; there are several versions of UT including [Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)](https://eclipsewise.com/help/glossary.html#UTC); for more information, see: _[Universal Time (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_time)_. ## Solar Eclipse Terms  **apogee** - The point along the Moon's orbit that is farthest from Earth; the Moon's mean distance at apogee is 405,504 km; the Moon's true distance at apogee varies from 404,042 to 406,725 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun and Earth; See: _[Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html)_. **aphelion** - The point along a planetary orbit that is farthest from the Sun; Earth's mean distance at aphelion is 152,097,701 km; Earth's true distance at aphelion varies from 152,083,140 km to 152,104,533 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun, Moon and planets; See: _[Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/perap2001.html)_. **annular eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's antumbral shadow traverses Earth (the Moon is too far from Earth to completely cover the Sun). During the maximum phase of an annular eclipse, the Sun appears as a blindingly bright ring surrounding the Moon. **annularity** - The maximum phase of an annular eclipse during which the Moon's entire disk is seen silhouetted against the Sun. Annularity is the period between second and third contact during an annular eclipse. It can last from a fraction of a second to a maximum of 12 minutes 29 seconds. **anomalistic month** - The time required for the Moon to make one revolution around its orbit with respect to the perigee; the length of the mean anomalistic month as calculated for the year 2000 is 27.55455 days (27d 13h 18m 33s); the actual duration can vary by several days due to the gravitational perturbations of the Sun on the Moon's eccentric orbit. **antumbra** - The antumbra is that part of the Moon's shadow that extends beyond the umbra. It is similar to the penumbra in that the Sun is only partially blocked by the Moon. From within the antumbra, the Sun appears larger than the Moon which is seen in complete silhouette. An annular eclipse is seen when an observer passes through the antumbra. **Besselian elements** - The Besselian elements are a series of time dependent variables used to calculate various aspects of a solar eclipse. They describe the movement of the Moon's shadow with respect to the fundamental plane. This plane passes through the center of Earth and is oriented perpendicular to the Moon's shadow axis. Next, the shadow cone is projected onto Earth's surface including the effects of Earth's rotation, the flattening of Earth and the latitude, longitude and elevation of the observer. The local circumstances at the observer's position can then be calculated including the eclipse contact times, eclipse magnitude and the duration of totality (or annularity). **center of figure** - The center of figure of a celestial body (e.g., planet, moon) is the apparent center of the object with respect to its surface and takes into account irregularities in its shape. If the distribution of mass is not uniform, then the _[center of mass](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#greatest)_ does not coincide with the _center of figure_. In the case of the Moon, the offset between the _center of mass_ and _center of figure_ is ~0.5 kilometers. **center of mass** - In orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of celestial bodies (stars, planets, moons, etc.) are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. In other words, the motion of a celestial body can be predicted assuming the object's entire mass is concentrated into one single point called the _center of mass_. **central eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone traverses Earth thereby producing a central line in the eclipse track. The umbra or antumbra falls entirely upon Earth so the ground track has both a northern and southern limit. Central solar eclipses can be either total, annular or hybrid. **central eclipse (one limit)** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone traverses Earth. However, a portion of the umbra or antumbra misses Earth throughout the eclipse and the resulting ground track has just one limit. Central solar eclipses with one limit can be either total, annular or hybrid. **central line** - The central line is the locus of points of intersection of the axis of the Moon's shadow with the surface of Earth. It is sometimes called the "center line" or "centerline". **eclipse magnitude** - Eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun’s diameter occulted by the Moon. It is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with eclipse obscuration, which is a measure of the Sun’s surface area occulted by the Moon. Eclipse magnitude may be expressed as either a percentage or a decimal fraction (e.g., 50% or 0.50). By convention, its value is given at the instant of greatest eclipse. **eclipse obscuration** - Eclipse obscuration is the fraction of the Sun’s area occulted by the Moon. It should not be confused with eclipse magnitude, which is the fraction of the Sun’s diameter occulted by the Moon. Eclipse obscuration may be expressed as either a percentage or a decimal fraction (e.g., 50% or 0.50). **eclipse season** - An eclipse season is a period during which the Sun appears close enough to one of the Moon’s [nodes](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/help/glossary.html#node) to permit an eclipse to occur. Each season lasts approximately 34 days and repeats at about 173-day intervals. Thus there are always two full eclipse seasons each year. The 173-day interval is the time it takes the Sun to travel from one lunar [node](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/help/glossary.html#node) to the next. Because the Moon’s [synodic period](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/help/glossary.html#synodic) is shorter than an eclipse season, there is a least one solar and one lunar eclipse during every eclipse season. (see _[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_season)_) **exeligmos** - The exeligmos is a period of 54 years, 33 days and is equal to three saros cycles. It can be used to predict successive eclipses (both solar and lunar) with similar characteristics and geographic location.  The duration of the exeligmos is equal to:  . . . . 669 synodic months  . . . . 725.996 draconic months  . . . . 716.976 anomalistic months  . . . . 56.996 eclipse years (114 eclipse seasons) **eye safety** - The only time that the Sun can be viewed safely with the naked eye is during a total eclipse, when the Moon completely covers the disk of the Sun. It is never safe to look at a partial or annular eclipse, or the partial phases of a total solar eclipse, without the proper equipment and techniques. Even when 99% of the Sun's surface (the photosphere) is obscured during the partial phases of a solar eclipse, the remaining crescent Sun is still intense enough to cause permanent retinal damage, especially when viewed through binoculars or other optical aids. **first contact** - The instant when the partial phase of an eclipse begins. **fourth contact** - The instant when the partial phase of an eclipse ends. **gamma** - Gamma is the distance of the Moon’s shadow axis from Earth’s center in units of equatorial Earth radii. It is defined at the instant of greatest eclipse when its absolute value is at a minimum. **geocentric** - As seen from the center of Earth; the geocentric coordinates of a planet is the position of the planet as seen from Earth's center. **greatest duration** - Greatest duration (for total eclipses) is defined as the instant when the duration of totality reaches a maximum along the path of a total eclipse. The calculation of greatest duration requires an accurate lunar limb profile to account for the effects of mountains and valleys around the circumference of the Moon on the duration of totality. The length of totality calculated at _greatest duration_ may differ by 1-2 seconds compared with _[greatest eclipse](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#greatest)_, and the geographic location may differ by a hundred kilometers or more. **greatest eclipse** - Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to Earth's center. The computation of the duration of totality at this point is typically done using a smooth edge for the Moon that ignores the effects of mountains and valleys along the lunar limb. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse offers a good approximation (1-2 seconds) to the maximum duration of totality along the entire eclipse path. Far more rigorous calculations using the Moon's limb profile are required to predict the instant of [greatest duration](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#greatdur) (of totality) and a more accurate value for the maximum length of totality. For annular eclipses, the instant of _greatest duration_ may occur either near the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path. **hybrid eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's umbral and antumbral shadows traverse Earth (the eclipse appears annular and total along different sections of its path). Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular-total eclipses. In most cases, hybrid eclipses begin as annular, transform into total, and then revert back to annular before the end of their track. In rare instances, a hybrid eclipse may begin annular and end total, or vice versa. **maximum eclipse** - Maximum eclipse is defined as the instant when the eclipse magnitude at a given geographic location reaches a maximum value. **perigee** - The point along the Moon's orbit that is closest to Earth; the Moon's mean distance at perigee is 363,396 km; the Moon's true distance at perigee varies from 356,355 to 370,399 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun and Earth; See: _[Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html)_. **perihelion** - The point along a planetary orbit that is closest to the Sun; Earth's mean distance at perihelion is 147,098,074 km; Earth's true distance at perihelion varies from 147,091,358 km to 147,112,452 km because of gravitational perturbations of the Sun, Moon and planets; See: _[Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100](http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/perap2001.html)_. **node** - The Moon's orbit is tipped about 5.1° to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The two points where the Moon's orbit crosses Earth's orbit are called the nodes. The _ascending node_ is where the Moon crosses to the north of Earth's orbit. The _descending node_ is where it crosses to the south. **non-central eclipse (one limit)** - A solar eclipse in which the central axis of the Moon’s shadow cone misses Earth. However, one edge of the umbra or antumbra grazes Earth thereby producing a ground track with one limit and no central line. Non-central solar eclipses can be either total, annular or hybrid. (Partial eclipses can also be considered non-central eclipses in which only the penumbral shadow traverses Earth's surface) **partial eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's penumbral shadow traverses Earth (umbral and antumbral shadows completely miss Earth). During a partial eclipse, the Moon appears to block part (but not all) of the Sun's disk.  From the prospective of an individual observer, a partial eclipse is one in which the observer is within the penumbral shadow but outside the path of the umbral or antumbral shadows. **penumbra** - The penumbra is the weak or pale part of the Moon's shadow. From within the penumbra, the Sun is only partially blocked by the Moon as in the case of a partial eclipse. This contrasts with the umbra, where the Sun is completely blocked resulting in a total eclipse. **saros** - The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3d (18yr 11d 8h). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The eclipses occur at the same node with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is a useful tool for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 or 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses.  For more information, see [Eclipses and the Saros](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html). The [Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsaros/SEsaroscat.html) provides complete details for all current Saros cycles. **second contact** - The instant when the total or annular phase of an eclipse begins. **shadow bands** - Shadow bands are caused by the thin slit-like solar crescent illuminating Earth's atmosphere moments before and after a total solar eclipse. They appear as thin parallel undulating lines of alternating light and dark that race across the ground. Their movement is caused by atmospheric winds. **third contact** - The instant when the total or annular phase of an eclipse ends. **total solar eclipse** - A solar eclipse in which the Moon's umbral shadow traverses Earth (Moon is close enough to Earth to completely cover the Sun). During the maximum phase of a total eclipse, the Sun's disk is completely blocked Moon. The Sun's faint corona is then safely revealed to the naked eye. **totality** - The maximum phase of a total eclipse during which the Moon's disk completely covers the Sun. Totality is the period between second and third contact during a total eclipse. It can last from a fraction of a second to a maximum of 7 minutes 32 seconds. **umbra** - The umbra is the darkest part of the Moon's shadow. From within the umbra, the Sun is completely blocked by the Moon as in the case of a total eclipse. This contrasts with the penumbra, where the Sun is only partially blocked resulting in a partial eclipse. # Resources, sources, and links:  ================================================================ ## Acknowledgments  This _Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms_ is copyright 2022 by Fred Espenak and is part of the _[EclipsesWise.com](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html)_ web site. No portion of this glossary may be reproduced without the written permission of Fred Espenak along with a link to this page and the following acknowledgment: "_Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms_ by Fred Espenak, [www.EclipseWise.com"](http://www.eclipsewise.com"/) ## Eclipse Data  [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLEcatalog.txt](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLEcatalog.txt) Key: [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LEcatkey.html](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LEcatkey.html) ## Resources and Links  Al the sources ###### Eclipses of the Moon  [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSE/5MCSE-Text.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSE/5MCSE-Text.pdf) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html) Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: –1999 to +3000 (2000 BCE to 3000 CE) [https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLE/5MKLE-214173.pdf) - [Solar Eclipse Basics](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEbasics.html) - a primer on solar eclipses - [Solar Eclipses and the Saros](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEsaros.html) - details on the Saros cycle - [Global Map Animations of Solar Eclipses: 2001 - 2100](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEanimate2001.html "Animations") - animated maps for every solar eclipse during the 21st Century - [21st Century World Atlas of Central Solar Eclipses](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEatlas2021.html) - covers the years 2001 to 2100 - [21st Century Catalog of Solar Eclipses](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcatalog/21CCSEcat.html) - covers the years 2001 to 2100 - [World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Maps](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas.html) - covers the years -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) - [Central Solar Eclipses in the USA](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcountry/SEinUSA.html) - maps for all central solar eclipses in the USA from 1001 to 3000 - [Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcatalog/SEcatalog.html) - including the years -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) - [Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsaros/SEsaroscat.html "Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series") - including Saros series -30 through 190 - [Solar Eclipse Search Engine](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEsearch/SEsearch.php) - search for solar eclipses from -1999 to +3000 - [Javascript Solar Eclipse Explorer](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-index.html) - calculate all solar eclipses visible from a city - [Solar Eclipse Statistics](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEstatistics.html) - the frequency of eclipse types, extremes, and combinations - [Periodicity of Solar Eclipses](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html) - eclipse seasons, Saros and Inex - [Saros Inex Panorama](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpanorama.html) - includes 61,775 solar eclipses from -11,000 to +15,000 - [Eclipses and the Moon's Orbit](https://eclipsewise.com/help/moonorbit.html) - lunar cycles and eclipses - [Solar Eclipse Predictions and the Mean Lunar Radius](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEradius.html) - [Delta T](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltat.html) - [Polynomial Expressions for Delta T](https://eclipsewise.com/help/deltatpoly2014.html) - [Uncertainty in Delta T](https://eclipsewise.com/help/uncertainty.html) - von Oppolzer, T. (1887). _Canon der Finsternisse_. - Meeus, J., & Mucke, H. (1979). _Canon of Lunar Eclipses: –2002 to +2526_. - Espenak, F. (1989). _Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses_. - Liu, B., & Fiala, A. D. (1992). _Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C.–A.D. 3000_. - Espenak, F., & Meeus, J. (2009). _Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses: –1999 to +3000_ (NASA TP–2009–214172). # Eclipse Resources  ### Solar Eclipse Maps  - [Table and Maps of Solar Eclipses: 2011-2030](https://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEnext.html) - [Table and Maps of Solar Eclipses: 2011-2020](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html) - [Table and Maps of Solar Eclipses: 2021-2030](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2021.html) - [Table and Maps of Solar Eclipses: 2031-2040](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEdecade/SEdecade2031.html) - [World Atlas Solar Eclipses](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas.html) - [World Map of Total Solar Eclipses: 2001-2025](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SE2001-25T-1.GIF%22) - [World Map of Annular Solar Eclipses: 2001-2025](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SE2001-25A-1.GIF) - [Maps of Annular and Total Solar Eclipses in North America: 1851-2100](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmap/SEmapNA/SEmapNA.html) ### Solar Eclipse Predictions  - [Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 3000 BCE to 3000 CE](http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcatalog/SEcatalog.html) - [Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses: 4000 BCE to 6000 CE](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcatmax/SEcatmax.html) - [Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhistory/SEHistory.html) ### Solar Eclipse Photography  - [How To Photograph A Solar Eclipse](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEphoto.html) - [Photographing Solar Eclipses](https://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh12-1.html) - [Exposure Table for Solar Eclipse Photography](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/image/SE-Exposure1w.GIF) - [Videotaping Solar Eclipses](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEvideo.html) ### Solar Eclipse Photographs  - Solar Eclipses: [Photograph Index](https://www.mreclipse.com/main/photoindex.html#solar) - Solar Eclipse Galleries: [1970 - 1984](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEgallery1/SEgallery1.html) | [1990 - 1994](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEgallery2/SEgallery2.html) | [1995 - 1999](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/SEgallery3/SEgallery3.html) - 1991 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1991/TSE1991galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1991/TSE1991galleryB.html) - 1998 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1998/TSE1998galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1998/TSE1998galleryB.html) - 1999 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1999/TSE1999galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1999/TSE1999galleryB.html) | [Gallery C](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1999/TSE1999galleryC.html) | [Gallery D](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE1999/TSE1999galleryD.html) - 2001 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2001/TSE2001galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2001/TSE2001galleryB.html) - 2005 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2005/TSE2005galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2005/TSE2005galleryB.html) - 2005 Annular Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/ASE2005/ASE2005galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/ASE2005/ASE2005galleryB.html) - 2006 Total Solar Eclipse: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2006/TSE2006galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2006/TSE2006galleryB.html) | [Gallery C](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2006/TSE2006galleryC.html) | [Gallery D](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2006/TSE2006galleryD.html) | [Gallery E](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2006/TSE2006galleryE.html) - 2008 Total Solar Eclipse Photos: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2008/TSE2008galleryA.html) - 2012 Annular Solar Eclipse Photos: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/ASE2012/ASE2012galleryA.html) - 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Photos: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2017/TSE2017galleryA.html) | [Gallery B](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2017/TSE2017galleryB.html) - 2019 Total Solar Eclipse Photos: [Gallery A](https://www.mreclipse.com/SEphoto/TSE2019/TSE2019galleryA.html) ### Solar Eclipses and Eye Safety  - [Observing Solar Eclipses Safely](https://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh11.html) _- Totality_ - [Solar Eclipses and Eye Safety](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/safety2.html) _- Ralph Chou_ - [Solar Eclipses and Eye Safety](http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/safety.html) _- Fred Espenak_ - [Sources for Solar Filters](https://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityApC.html) _- Totality_ ### Other Links  - [Solar Eclipses For Beginners](https://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html) - [Lunar Eclipses For Beginners](https://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html) - [Index to Eclipse and Astronomy Photographs](https://www.mreclipse.com/main/photoindex.html) - [MrEcipse's Picks](https://www.mreclipse.com/Store/Picks/Picks.html) - recommendations on cameras, tripods, telescopes, and more - [Lunar Eclipse](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/lunar.html) - main directory for NASA's Lunar Eclipse Page (some popular links below) - - Eclipses During:         - | [2001](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2001.html) | [2002](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2002.html) | [2003](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2003.html) | [2004](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2004.html) | [2005](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2005.html) | [2006](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2006.html) | [2007](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2007.html) | [2008](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2008.html) | [2009](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2009.html) | [2010](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2010.html) |         - | [2011](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html) | [2012](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2012.html) | [2013](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html) | [2014](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html) | [2015](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2015.html) | [2016](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2016.html) | - - Decade Lunar Eclipse Tables:         - | [1951 - 1960](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade1951.html) | [1961 - 1970](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade1961.html) | [1971 - 1980](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade1971.html) | [1981 - 1990](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade1981.html) | [1991 - 2000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade1991.html) |         - | [2001 - 2010](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2001.html) | [2011 - 2020](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html) | [2021 - 2030](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2021.html) | [2031 - 2040](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2031.html) | [2041 - 2050](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2041.html) |     - [Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LEcatalog.html)     - [Javascript Lunar Eclipse Explorer](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/JLEX/JLEX-index.html) - calculate all lunar eclipses visible from a city ###### Eclipses of the Sun  - [Solar Eclipse](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/solar.html) - main directory for NASA's Solar Eclipse Page (some popular links below) - - Eclipses During:         - | [2001](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2001.html) | [2002](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2002.html) | [2003](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2003.html) | [2004](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2004.html) | [2005](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2005.html) | [2006](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2006.html) | [2007](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2007.html) | [2008](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2008.html) | [2009](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2009.html) | [2010](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2010.html) |         - | [2011](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html) | [2012](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2012.html) | [2013](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html) | [2014](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html) | [2015](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2015.html) | [2016](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2016.html) |     - Decade Solar Eclipse Tables:         - | [1951 - 1960](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade1951.html) | [1961 - 1970](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade1961.html) | [1971 - 1980](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade1971.html) | [1981 - 1990](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade1981.html) | [1991 - 2000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade1991.html) |         - | [2001 - 2010](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2001.html) | [2011 - 2020](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2011.html) | [2021 - 2030](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2021.html) | [2031 - 2040](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2031.html) | [2041 - 2050](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEdecade/SEdecade2041.html) |     - Solar Eclipses on Google Maps:         - | [1901 - 1920](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1901.html) | [1921 - 1940](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1921.html) | [1941 - 1960](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1941.html) | [1961 - 1980](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1961.html) | [1981 - 2000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle1981.html) |         - | [2001 - 2020](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2001.html) | [2021 - 2040](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2021.html) | [2041 - 2060](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2041.html) | [2061 - 2080](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2061.html) | [2081 - 2100](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2081.html) |     - World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Maps: [**Index Page**](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas.html)         - | [1901 - 1920](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1901.GIF) | [1921 - 1940](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1921.GIF) | [1941 - 1960](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1941.GIF) | [1961 - 1980](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1961.GIF) | [1981 - 2000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas2/SEatlas1981.GIF) |         - | [2001 - 2020](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2001.GIF) | [2021 - 2040](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2021.GIF) | [2041 - 2060](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2041.GIF) | [2061 - 2080](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2061.GIF) | [2081 - 2100](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2081.GIF) |     - North America Solar Eclipse Maps: 1851-2100 - [**Index Page**](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEmap/SEmapNA.html)     - [Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000](https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SEcatalog.html) # JavaScript Solar Eclipse Explorer for Southeast Asia, Australia & Oceana  Column     Heading     Definition/Description    1      Calendar     Calendar Date at instant of Maximum Eclipse.             Date       Gregorian Calendar is used for dates after 1582 Oct 15.                         Julian Calendar is used for dates before 1582 Oct 04.      2      Eclipse      Eclipse Type where:             Type         P  = Partial Eclipse.                          A  = Annular Eclipse.                          T  = Total Eclipse.    3      Partial      Local Time when partial eclipse begins.            Eclipse                Begins          4        Sun        Sun's altitude (in degrees) when partial eclipse begins.             Alt    5      A or T       Local Time when annular or total eclipse begins.            Eclipse                Begins          6      Maximum      Local Time at maximum eclipse.            Eclipse         7        Sun        Sun's altitude (in degrees) at maximum eclipse.             Alt    8        Sun        Sun's azimuth (in degrees) at maximum eclipse.             Azi    9      A or T       Local Time when annular or total eclipse ends.            Eclipse                 Ends         10      Partial      Local Time when partial eclipse ends.            Eclipse                 Ends         11        Sun        Sun's altitude (in degrees) when partial eclipse ends.             Alt   12      Eclipse      Eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's             Mag.       DIAMETER obscured by the Moon.                        For annular eclipses, it is less than 1.0.                        For total eclipses, it is greater than or equal to 1.0.   13      Eclipse      Eclipse obscuration is the fraction of the Sun's             Obs.       AREA obscured by the Moon.   14      A or T      Duration of total or annular phase           Eclipse     of the eclipse (in minutes and seconds).           Duration ### Fred Espenak  [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-AU.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-AU.html) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMap3.php?Ecl=+20240408&Acc=2&Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=1) [https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html](https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/SEgmapinfo.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/SEgmapinfo.html) # Besselian Interpolation  [https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Celestial_Mechanics_(Tatum)/01%3A_Numerical_Methods/1.10%3A_1.10-Besselian_Interpolation](https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Celestial_Mechanics_(Tatum)/01%3A_Numerical_Methods/1.10%3A_1.10-Besselian_Interpolation) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html) [https://www.gregmiller.net/](https://www.gregmiller.net/) [https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html](https://www.gregmiller.net/apps/SolarEclipseViewer/viewer.html) [https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2024-april-8](https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2024-april-8) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2022_04_30_PSE_400px.gif](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEanim400/2022_04_30_PSE_400px.gif) [https://video.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c358b6e4b01b8adb4d5870/63390990-c1b1-4277-b7b0-902f8506ef64/segments/mpegts-h264-1920:1080.m3u8?Expires=1709256800&Signature=OWQzZWUyYjZkYzdkOTQ1Y2Y4Yzg3MWE4YWMxN2RiZjlkZjQ3ZGRiOGE2NjQ5MDUzNzQzMDAxZDgxZDU3NzZjOA](https://video.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c358b6e4b01b8adb4d5870/63390990-c1b1-4277-b7b0-902f8506ef64/segments/mpegts-h264-1920:1080.m3u8?Expires=1709256800&Signature=OWQzZWUyYjZkYzdkOTQ1Y2Y4Yzg3MWE4YWMxN2RiZjlkZjQ3ZGRiOGE2NjQ5MDUzNzQzMDAxZDgxZDU3NzZjOA) [https://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/](https://www.greatamericaneclipse.com/) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipsesGoogleMaps.html) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/0901-1000/SE0946Aug29Agmapx.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEgmapx/0901-1000/SE0946Aug29Agmapx.html) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEdatakey.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEdatakey.html) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html#section105](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEperiodicity.html#section105)  [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#gamma](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#gamma) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/de406-predictions.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/de406-predictions.html) [http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipseExposure.html](http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/SolarEclipseExposure.html) [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-AU.html](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/JSEX/JSEX-AU.html) NASA Stuff --- [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#central](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html#central) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html) [https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpingkey.html](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEpingkey.html) Map it [https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcirc/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tcirc.html#section3#](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcirc/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tcirc.html#section3#) The _Solar Eclipse Circumstances Calculator_ computes the eclipse circumstances for all major cities in a geographic region for the _Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 Apr 08_ . Simply follow these instructions: - [Section 1](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcirc/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tcirc.html#section1) - Select a _Output Time_ (either _Local Standard Time_, _Daylight Saving Time_, or _Universal Time (UT1)_). - [Section 2](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcirc/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tcirc.html#section2) - Select _Geographic Region_ coordinates. - [Section 3](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEcirc/2001-2100/SE2024Apr08Tcirc.html#section3) - A table will be generated giving the eclipse circumstances for all cities in the selected geogrphic region. The generated eclipse circumstances table lists important information about the eclipse for each city: - The type of eclipse seen from each city (P=Partial, A=Annular, T=Total) - The times when the partial eclipse begins and ends. - The times when the total (or annular) eclipse begins and ends. - The time of maximum eclipse. - The altitude on the Sun above the horizon (degrees) at each of these times. - The _[Eclipse Magnitude](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#magnitude)_ at maximum eclipse. - The _[Eclipse Obscuration](https://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEhelp/SEglossary.html#obscuration)_ at maximum eclipse. - The _Eclipse Duration_ of either the total or annular phase (if any). | [Home](https://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html "Home") | [Solar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/solar.html "Solar Eclipses") | [Lunar Eclipses](https://www.eclipsewise.com/lunar/lunar.html "Lunar Eclipses") | [Transits of Mercury and Venus](https://www.eclipsewise.com/transit/transit.html "Transits of Mercury and Venus") | [Contact](https://www.eclipsewise.com/main/contact.html "Contact") | [Eclipse Sources](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipse+Sources) Links to this page [Eclipses](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Eclipses) [Sun and Moon](https://publish.obsidian.md/shanesql/Sun+and+Moon)