[[Security Assertion Markup Language]] ([[SAML]]) is an [[XML]]-based open standard used for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, particularly in the context of web-based applications. It provides a framework for [[secure single sign-on]] ([[SSO]]) and identity federation. SAML enables users to access multiple applications or systems using a single set of login credentials. Instead of having separate usernames and passwords for each application, SAML allows users to authenticate once with an identity provider (IdP), which then issues a SAML assertion containing information about the user's identity and authentication status. The SAML assertion is digitally signed by the IdP, ensuring its integrity and authenticity. The signed assertion is then sent to the service provider (SP), which relies on it to grant access to the user. This process eliminates the need for individual application-level authentication, reducing complexity and improving user experience. Key components of SAML include: 1. Identity Provider (IdP): Responsible for authenticating users and generating SAML assertions. 2. Service Provider (SP): Relies on SAML assertions from the IdP to grant access or authorize actions. 3. SAML Protocol: Defines how messages are exchanged between IdPs and SPs. 4. Assertion: An XML document containing information about a user's authentication status and attributes. 5. Metadata: Describes the capabilities of an IdP or SP, including endpoints, supported protocols, and public keys. SAML is widely adopted in various industries such as education, government, healthcare, and business enterprises. It promotes interoperability between different systems by providing a standardized way to exchange security information. Overall, SAML plays a crucial role in enabling secure identity management, federated authentication, and seamless single sign-on experiences across different applications and organizations.