Classical logic, also known as [[Aristotelian logic]] or [[traditional logic]], and [[categorical logic]], is the most widely studied and used system of formal logic. It is based on the principles and rules of reasoning developed by ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Classical logic operates on the basis of two-valued logic, which means that each proposition can only be true or false. It follows the principle of excluded middle, which states that there is no third option between being true and being false. This binary nature forms the foundation of classical logic. One key characteristic of classical logic is its emphasis on deductive reasoning. It focuses on drawing conclusions from given premises using rules of inference like modus ponens, modus tollens, and syllogism. It aims to establish validity and soundness in arguments. On the other hand, there are various other kinds of logics that differ from classical logic in several ways: 1. [[Many-valued logics]]: Unlike classical logic's two-valued system, many-valued logics allow for more than two truth values. These logics acknowledge the possibility of intermediate truth values or degrees of truthfulness. 2. [[Modal logics]]: Modal logics introduce modal operators like "necessarily" and "possibly" to reason about necessity and possibility statements. They deal with concepts such as belief, knowledge, time, and obligation. 3. [[Fuzzy logics]]: Fuzzy logics go beyond binary true/false values by allowing degrees of truth between 0 and 1. This is useful when dealing with vague or imprecise information where strict binary distinctions may not be appropriate. 4. [[Intuitionistic logics]]: Intuitionistic logics reject the principle of excluded middle and focus on constructive reasoning rather than absolute truth or falsehood. They are based on intuitionistic mathematics developed by mathematician L.E.J Brouwer. 5. [[Non-monotonic logics]]: Non-monotonic logics handle reasoning with incomplete or changing information. They allow for the revision of beliefs and conclusions based on new evidence or contextual changes. These are just a few examples of logics that differ from classical logic. Each type of logic has its own set of rules, principles, and applications, catering to specific domains and contexts where classical logic might not suffice.