# Kramers' Law Motivation: To determine the energy spectrum released from [[Bremsstrahlung X-Rays]] Kramers' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced from an electron hitting a solid target (like [[How X-Rays are Made in X-Ray Tubes]]). It only concerns Bremsstrahlung and does not consider [[Characteristic X-Rays]]. It describes the mean transition time of an overdamped Brownian particle between local minima in a potential landscape [^1]. $ I(\lambda) = K \left(\frac{\lambda}{\lambda_{min}} -1 \right)\frac{1}{\lambda^2}d\lambda $ This formula describes the intensity (or photon count) based on the wavelength ($\lambda$) of the emitted radiation, where $K$ is a constant that is proportional to the atomic number of the target element, and $\lambda_{min}$ is the minimum wavelength given by the [[Duane-Hunt Law]]. The maximum intensity is: $\frac{K}{4 \lambda_{min}^2}d\lambda$ at $2\lambda_{min}$. [^1]:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51913978_Kramers'_Law_Validity_Derivations_and_Generalisations