> Note: Please refer to the source for the latest information, as it appears to be updated periodically. I have copied its contents on 2023-9-13 in case it is taken down or moved. --- # The Hidden Curriculum of Academia These are the things that many in academia expect incoming and current graduate students to know, but we rarely teach these things or effectively communicate this information to students, creating discrepancies in who has access to this information. Here we try to convey some of the information we wish we knew before graduate school. This is written by and geared toward students in ecology and evolution programs, although some of this information applies to many disciplines. However, our perspective is clearly biased toward E&E programs. We try to avoid presenting solutions to some of the negative issues presented here, because there are often many different solutions, or no good solution, but merely present these as things you should be aware you will face. ## Funding - Funding varies considerably from program to program and also depends on whether you’re doing a M.S. or Ph.D. You should inquire about funding before deciding whether to apply to a graduate program. - Most students do not pay tuition for grad school. Unlike law school, medical school, or other professional degrees, many universities offer tuition waivers to grad students. - Often those tuition waivers come with some strings attached, such as serving as a Teaching Assistant in a course, or making sufficient progress on your degree.         - Tuition waivers often do not cover student fees. These fees can be hundreds of dollars and cover things like parking, campus gym membership, and support of the student government. - Grad school is a full time job. Although students are paid as part-time (up to 20 hrs/week), that doesn’t account for classes, studying, reading, research, discussion groups, and many other things that comprise a large amount of time. Most students do not work outside the university while in grad school. Students are typically either (a) paid by the university to TA a course or (b) paid by their advisor/mentor/PI (Principal Investigator on a grant) as a Research Assistant to work on specific projects (which may or may not also be your own thesis research). - The National Science Foundation (NSF) offers fellowships to graduate students in the form of the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP). You can potentially apply for this fellowship twice: once as you’re applying to grad school and once in grad school before the end of your third semester. The GRFP gives three years of funding to do your research. It also will make you VERY competitive for admission to grad school. However, the application process is rigorous and very competitive. - The GRFP is a huge stepping stone, but also keep in mind that most successful students do not receive the GRFP and find other pathways to success. - There are lots of fellowships, scholarships, and grants available for students to fund their own research. These can be found within the university, from professional societies, or other organizations and companies. These vary in amount (from a few hundred to several thousand dollars) and competitiveness. Before starting a project, you should ask your advisor whether you are expected to fund your own research, or whether they have grant funding to support your work. You should be VERY wary of funding your research with personal funds. ## Grad School Applications -Unlike many other grad programs, in E&E your application to the department/university is often a formality. Admissions decisions are often made by the advisor whose lab you want to work in. You should contact potential advisors well before applications are due. It’s not unusual for faculty to talk to prospective grad students a year before they start the program. You should establish a relationship with potential advisors and ask them whether you should submit an application, rather than blindly applying to as many programs as possible. Without a prior connection, many advisors will not consider applications from students they haven’t yet met. - Fewer programs are requiring the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), or giving it as much weight as in the past. In many cases that is putting more weight on GPA. However, there is nothing that affects your application as much as a faculty member advocating for your admission. ## Choosing a Grad School - If at all possible, you should visit a campus and lab before deciding to apply or accepting an offer. Many programs will pay for your travel to visit. Some have recruitment weekends, during which they invite many applicants to the program. Take advantage of these opportunities to feel out whether the program is a good fit for you. If not offered, ask if you can visit, as often funds are available, but limited. - During these visits, you will likely meet with several faculty members and other grad students. Ask them about their research, but also ask them about the culture of the department and the local area. - Ask current and past grad students if they are happy with their decision to be in that program. Likely everybody will have some good and bad things to say. Decide whether the bad things are things that you can live with and whether the good things are important to you. - As much as possible, try to determine whether your advisor is somebody that you will be able to have a good relationship with for several years. Ideally, you would like to have an advisor whose advice you can trust and who will treat you well. Look for a mentor, rather than a boss. ## Teaching - Unfortunately, nobody is likely to teach you how to teach. This makes this a very difficult and intimidating experience, especially the first time. If you’re lucky, your program might have a short workshop about teaching at the beginning. It is likely that you will be placed in a classroom in which you are the sole instructor, teaching students nearly as old, or older, than you. Ask your fellow grad students for advice. Don’t reinvent the wheel. Borrowing slides and materials from other instructors is perfectly fine! - Seek out teaching workshops on campus, if available. These are often not advertised to grad students, but often welcome them. - Teaching is a trial and error process. Try new things. Many will not work. Revise them or get rid of them. Don’t try the same failing effort over and over. Pay attention to what was successful and keep those activities for the next time. - Most students teach the way they were taught. That can be good if you take lessons from great teachers in your past. - Teaching is not hazing. Your past teachers may have intentionally made a course difficult to weed out students. You needn’t do the same. Teach with the intention of getting students to learn, rather than assigning grades. Don’t be the gatekeeper to success in your class. Always keep equity in mind with regard to teaching practices. Intend for your practice to benefit everybody in the class. ## Where do you learn? - Grad programs vary in how many classes you are required to take, but regardless, most of the learning in grad school happens outside of the classroom. There is rarely a book that you can pick up that tells you everything you want to know about a topic. Even when there is, the book is out of date as soon as it’s published. Learning happens in reading primary literature that nobody assigns to you, in reading group discussions, helping other people with their work, and in conversations in the hallways. That learning requires an independent drive to know more about a lot of different subjects. It also happens by just being present. The latter is particularly difficult during the pandemic, as there is often no “there” at which to be present. - At reading groups, it’s ok to show up and just listen. You should read the paper for that day, but even if you haven’t, you’re still likely to learn something by just being present. - When reading a paper on a topic, note which examples of past work have been cited and read those too. You can also use Web of Science or Google Scholar to see what papers have since cited the paper you’re reading. This allows you to look backward and forward on research on a particular subject. - As you start to dive into literature on a subject, use a citation manager to keep track of what you’re reading. This will also make it easier to cite relevant literature when you’re writing a paper on that topic. Endnote used to be the most popular, but is costly. Many grads are now using Zotero or Mendeley, both of which are free and easy to use. - Ask your advisor how many papers they expect you to be reading each week. Keep in mind you’ll also be reading papers for lab meetings, discussion groups, seminars, etc. Read a lot, but also keep this expectation within reason. - Subscribe to tables of contents from well-respected journals and skim the titles in each issue just to see what topics are being covered in these journals. Dive into some abstracts and also a few papers. Here’s a non-exclusive list of journals that are well-respected by both in E&E: American Naturalist, Ecology, Ecology Letters, Evolution, Evolution Letters, Nature Ecology & Evolution, Trends in Ecology & Evolution - Some other popular journals that cover a broad range of biology: Nature, PNAS, Proc B (Royal Society), Science - You can also set up citation alerts for keywords, or for new papers that cite foundational papers, to stay up to date on a specific area of research. - Ask questions. You are supposed to not know a lot of things. Often the only way to learn them is by asking. Your advisor often doesn’t know what you don’t know, but they’re eager to provide the information if you ask. The old adage about “no dumb questions” is particularly appropriate here. - Don’t skip class without talking to the professor about it. Unlike in large undergrad classes, your absence will definitely be noticed. ## Networking - Making connections with other researchers in your field is important for success. Network with colleagues at scientific meetings, but also within your own department. - Networking comes easier to some people than others. Those of us who are shy or introverted may find it difficult to start a conversation. Know that most decent people are excited for you to initiate a conversation or ask them about their work. Also ask your advisor to introduce you to their colleagues or make an introduction with somebody you’d like to meet. ## Social Issues - Many people perceive academia to be more progressive than other institutions. Some things you should know: - The personal politics of individual people may be more progressive than average, but this often does not translate to the institution. - The Academy remains a conservative institution that is highly resistant to change. You’ll often find “that’s how it’s always been done” a common response to very strange practices. - Despite efforts to diversify academia and make it more equitable and inclusive, most campuses tend to be very white spaces, especially among faculty and administration. - Microaggressions happen in academia too and you will have to decide how often to call them out, particularly when they come from people in power. - Make friends with others in your program. You’re going to be spending a lot of time with them. Commiserate and celebrate together. Also be sure to maintain friendships outside of grad school to keep perspective on what’s important. - Often living with other grad students can be helpful and keep you “in the know”. - You will be expected to socialize with others in your program. You don’t have to, but be aware that such pressure exists. - Programs vary in how competitive students are with one another. Ask the current grad students what the culture is and decide whether this fits with your own needs. Even in the least competitive environments though, many people find themselves envious of other students’ success who seem undeserving. Find a way to be okay with that. - You will experience imposter syndrome. The irony is that so does everybody else. - We know of few people who have left their comprehensive exams (or prelims, or thesis proposals, etc.) thinking “that went great”. Unfortunately, these often serve as a form of academic hazing, intended to find out where your knowledge ends and you break down. Passing these events is success, even though it often feels the opposite. - Mental health issues are more prominent among grad students than in the general population. Academia will probably exacerbate any underlying mental health issues you have, or identify new ones. Keep your eye out for symptoms in yourself and in your friends. Seek help early and often. - Work-life balance is important. You may find yourselves working many nights and weekends. If you find yourself working every night and weekend, that is too much. Make time for yourself. Each person has their own vision of work-life balance. This is defined by you, not your advisor. However, a discussion of expectations with your advisor is healthy. - There is a long history of advisors taking advantage of students, both sexually and non-sexually. Any sexual request is inappropriate and should be reported immediately. If you feel that other requests are inappropriate (e.g. expectations, chores, intrusion into your personal life), ask other students whether this is “normal”. Also, normal does not necessarily mean appropriate. - Finally, grad school is a personal journey. For some, it will take them on to a career in academia. For others, it will lead elsewhere. Either path can be successful! However, academics often guide students toward careers in academia because it’s the route they’re most familiar with. You will hear non-academic careers referred to as “alternative careers”. However, those are the jobs held by MOST people! You can be a scientist with a PhD, or with an M.S., or with a Bachelor’s degree. Aside from a research or teaching career in academia, there are lots of careers with non-profit organizations, with government agencies, in many forms of science communication, and on and on and on. Seek out professionals in the career you want and ask how they got to where they are and ask for advice. --- #### Related #academic_resources