Source: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/5/1572 [[Dementia]] --- - Neurodegenerative Diseases include Alzheimer's Disorder and Parkinson's Disorders - Neurodegenerative begins 2 - 3 decades before observable symptoms. - Recent research focuses on molecular biomarkers - blood tests, however not complete validation, it's a good screening test to pick up people to do more tests. - The development of Parkinson and Alzheimer's is different - P.D ---- Affects the Substantia Nigra (SN), bradykinesia appear. It affect the movement. The dopaminergic projects affects superior colliculus, eye movement - "*The substantia nigra affects the superior colliculus through its dopaminergic projections and inhibitory control, playing a crucial role in the coordination of eye movements and the integration of sensory information with motor responses. This connection is particularly important in the context of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, where disruptions in these pathways lead to characteristic motor deficits. Understanding this relationship helps in the development of treatments aimed at alleviating symptoms related to both movement and sensory processing in such conditions." - AD - mainly affect area responsbile for memory and spartial navigation. - Changes to the hippocampus - losing issues there, medial temporal, parietal brain regions. - Because of the internal compensatory mechanism - the neurodegeneration inside is hidden from the outside. - Three kinds of symptoms on neurodegeneration - Cognitive - AD and PD - Motor - Mostly in PD, Less AD - Emotional - observable in both, more characteristics in late onset AD. 1. **Remote Oculomotor and Facial Expression Analysis indicate progressive of ND* ![[20240625 Handwritten Notes.pdf]] ----- Extracted from my handwriting: --- Machine Learning and Digital Promoters can detect Early Signs of Neurodegenerative Disease: - Neurodegenerative diseases: 1. AD (Alzheimer's Disease) 2. PD (Parkinson's Disease) - Neurodegeneration begins 2-3 decades before observable symptoms. - Recent research focuses on molecular markers in blood. However, it becomes a challenge to pick up potential cases without complete validation and accurate tests. - The prediction for the development of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's is defective. - PD: Substantia Nigra (SN) damaged by the time tremor, bradykinesia appear, affecting dopamine and eye movements. SN regulates the Superior Colliculus. - AD: Mainly affects areas responsible for memory and spatial navigation, causing changes to the hippocampus, temporal, and parietal lobes. 3. Biological differences determine parameters for measurements. Three kinds of symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases: 1. Cognitive (AD, PD) 2. Motor (mostly PD, less in AD) 3. Emotional (observed in both, more characteristic in late-onset AD) Non-motor symptoms include cognitive issues, apathy, and depression. 4. Oculomotor and Fail Kinematics can indicate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Eye tracking reveals early detection of changes in brain computation. - Pupillary response is a marker for changes, with sensitivity and specificity being key metrics. - Eye tracking is experimental but promising for early detection. 5. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) allow for optimization of eye tracking. - Web-based eye tracking can be effective but has lower accuracy. - CNN combines facial features to analyze eye movement and shape. - Webcam-based cloud systems are less accurate but more accessible. 6. Signal refinements are important for data accuracy and reliability. 7. Emotional states and facial expressions can indicate neurodegenerative changes. - Open-source projects like OpenFace study facial expressions through muscle activity. - Eye movements can be detected even when the lower part of the face is covered. 8. Digital tools can detect slower reaction times indicating cognitive impairment. - Early detection tests like the Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test are associated with poorer cognitive function, memory, and processing speed. - Web platforms can improve movement tracking, though validation is needed, especially for tablet-based systems. --- Let me know if you need further assistance with these notes or any additional details!