[[../writing/Bibliography|Bibliography]] MATTERN, SHANNON. “Deep Time of Media Infrastructure.” _Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures_, edited by LISA PARKS and NICOLE STAROSIELSKI, University of Illinois Press, 2015, pp. 94–112. _JSTOR_, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt155jmd9.8. Accessed 15 Feb. 2025. when examining media at the macro scale, we also have to acknowledge that media’s history is entwined with that of our cities - Shannon Mattern, *Deep Time Media Infrastructure*, p.96 when we look at our media histories through our cities, we observe a layering, or resounding, of media epochs. – Shannon Mattern, *Deep Time Media Infrastructure*, p.96 ^75c725 Geographers Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin write that “because of the costs of developing new telecommunications networks,” for instance, “all efforts are made to string optic fibers through water, gas, and sewage ducts; between cities, existing railway, road, and waterway routes are often used. – Shannon Mattern, *Deep Time Media Infrastructure*, p. 103 ^71bc35 The same architecture that served as a sounding board for public address also served as a substrate for epigraphy— and today serves as a substrate for graffiti and as a scaffolding for cell phone antennae. The historical media infrastructures on the “lower levels” of our cities are often very much alive in, and continuing to shape, the contemporary city. They are Williams’s “residuals.” This intermingling of temporalities fits Christopher Witmore’s definition of “archaeological time”: “the entanglement, the intermingling, the chiasm of pasts and presents.” p. 103-104 Graham and Marvin list some of those intermingling—“superimposed, contested and interconnecting”—infrastructural layers, or what they call “scapes”: the “ ‘electropolis’ of energy and power,” “the ‘hydropolis’ of water and waste,” “the ‘cybercity’ of electronic communication.” But by taking the long view on this intermingling, it is possible to understand these “scapes” as tangled up with one another not only spatially but also temporally. p.104 ^c26fbb qtd. in Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, _Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places_ (New York: Routledge, 1996), 329.