**📅 Date:** ➤ ⌈[[2025-04-08-Tue〚Rapamycin as a Longevity Drug〛]]⌋
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➤ ⌈[[Dr. Pankaj Kapahi’s - Longevity Research]]⌋
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## 🔬 Discovery & Early Uses of Rapamycin
### 📅 1964 – Discovery on Easter Island 🏝️
- Rapamycin was first discovered in **soil samples from Easter Island (Rapa Nui)** by scientists looking for new antibiotics.
- **Bacterium:** *Streptomyces hygroscopicus(潮生链霉菌)* produced **Rapamycin**, which initially showed antifungal properties.
- The compound was named **"Rapamycin"** after Rapa Nui.
- ![[Pasted image 20250323161956.png|#left|300]]
### 📅 1972 – Immunosuppressive Properties Identified
- Early research showed that **Rapamycin inhibits cell growth**, leading to its classification as an **immunosuppressant**.
- It was found to **block the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)**, a key regulator of cell growth and metabolism.
### 📅 1999 – FDA Approves Rapamycin for Organ Transplantation
- **Approved under the name "Sirolimus"** to prevent organ transplant rejection.
- It is used mainly in **kidney transplant patients** to suppress the immune system.
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## 🚀 Rapamycin’s Journey to Becoming a Longevity Drug
### 📅 2004 – mTOR & Aging Hypothesis
- **Dr. David Sabatini (MIT)** identified **mTOR** as a **central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth, and aging**.
- Scientists hypothesized that **suppressing mTOR could extend lifespan**, similar to the effects of **dietary restriction**.
### 📅 2004 – Dr. Pankaj Kapahi’s Research on TOR & Lifespan
- **Paper:** [Regulation of lifespan in Drosophila by modulation of genes in the TOR signaling pathway](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15186745/)
- **Findings:**
- Reduced **TOR signalling extended lifespan in fruit flies**.
- Suggested that **mTOR inhibition mimics the effects of caloric restriction**.
### 📅 2009 – First Evidence of Rapamycin Extending Lifespan in Mammals
- **Paper:** [Rapamycin extends lifespan in mice](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08221)
- **Study by Richard A. Miller, Matt Kaeberlein & NIA ITP Program**.
- **Findings:**
- **Rapamycin extended the lifespan in mice** by 10–30%, even when given to old mice.
- **First major evidence** that mTOR inhibition could be an anti-aging strategy.
### 📅 2012 – Further Longevity Studies in Mice
- Studies confirmed that **Rapamycin slowed aging in multiple organs**, including:
✅ Brain 🧠 (reducing risk of neurodegeneration)
✅ Heart ❤️ (improving cardiovascular function)
✅ Metabolism 🔥 (preventing obesity & diabetes)
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## 🔍 Rapamycin Usage in Longevity Science
### 📅 2014 – Dog Aging Project 🐶
- **Dr. Matt Kaeberlein & Daniel Promislow** launched the **Dog Aging Project**, testing **Rapamycin in pet dogs**.
- **Early findings:**
- Improved **heart function** in older dogs.
- Possible **extension of healthspan** in dogs.
### 📅 2016 – Rapamycin & Human Trials Begin
- **Dr. Joan Mannick (resTORbio)** conducted trials on **Rapamycin-based drugs in elderly humans**.
- **Findings:**
- Improved **immune function in older adults**.
- Reduced **risk of infections**.
### 📅 2019 – Growing Interest in Rapamycin as an Anti-Aging Drug
- Studies in **mice, flies, and worms** showed consistent lifespan extension.
- **Peter Attia, David Sinclair, and longevity biohackers** started discussing personal use of Rapamycin.
- **Biohacker communities** began experimenting with low-dose Rapamycin protocols.
### 📅 2020 – More Clinical Trials on Rapamycin & Aging
- **Anti-aging startup companies** started developing safer Rapamycin analogs.
- Trials focused on **dose optimization, safety, and long-term effects**.
### 📅 2023 – Rapamycin Becomes a Hot Longevity Topic
- **Top scientists, biohackers, and investors** actively researching and discussing **Rapamycin-based longevity therapies**.
- **Key advocates include:**
- **Dr. Peter Attia** (The Drive Podcast)
- **Dr. Matt Kaeberlein** (Dog Aging Project)
- **Dr. Blagosklonny** (Rapamycin Theory of Aging)
- **Dr. David Sinclair** (Harvard Aging Researcher)
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## The Future of Rapamycin in Longevity
### 🔬 **What’s Next?**
🔹 **More human trials** to determine long-term safety.
🔹 **New rapamycin analogs** with fewer side effects.
🔹 **Combining Rapamycin with other longevity drugs** (e.g., Metformin, NAD+ boosters).
🔹 **Personalized dosing strategies** for longevity interventions.