# Civilian-Combatant Ratios ## Second Intifada * Shin Bet [claimed](https://archive.ph/kJV50) 466 Hamas and 205 PIJ deaths from Sept 30th, 2000 to Aug 24th, 2004 * [al-Qassam shows](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cFjLnwM7Lta8RtbDLBxy3K66qrB-Bneu-M_lKe4Zu2E/edit?usp=sharing) 477 (141:618) and [PIJ](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/171mRgseGcGvJCviVSFrpCkNEGDam0jqICIDfmhceH7o/edit?gid=2054115255#gid=2054115255) shows 272 (80:351) ## Battle of Jenin #### Palestinian Authority - PA Secretary General Ahmed Abed al-Rahman [claimed](https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2002/04/13/Palestinians-Hundreds-in-mass-graves/47761018714688/) thousands had been killed and buried in mass graves - [Saeb Erekat](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/12/israel4) claimed Israel wanted "to hide their crimes, the bodies of the little children and women" - PA Information Minister, [Yasser Abed Rabbo](https://rense.com/general24/900.htm) accused Israel of digging mass graves for 900 Palestinians in Jenin #### International orgs - [OHCHR](https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2009/10/commission-human-rights-mary-robinson-submits-status-report-planned-mission) repeated claim from a "representative of Palestine" that over 500 people had been killed ; also cited Nabil Ramlawi who described a massacre of over 500 Palestinians - Professor Derrick Pounder, a forensic expert from Amnesty International said it paralleled the [Russian offensive in Grozny](https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08976.12?seq=3). - [UN envoy for the Middle East](https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/18/un.jenin.cnna/index.html) [told the press](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1937387.stm) that despite having previously worked in war zones, his team had "never seen anything like it" and that "it was horrifying beyond belief." [Israel](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/04/19/un-envoy-calls-camp-horrifying/6d23e7b6-3bf4-43f5-8def-dd36dc554504/), he declared, had "lost all moral ground in this conflict." #### Final verdict - 23 IDF soldiers and 52 Palestinians killed. [HRW](https://www.hrw.org/report/2002/05/02/jenin/idf-military-operations) and [UN](https://press.un.org/en/2002/sg2077.doc.htm) concede that at least 27 of the Palestinians killed were militants. ## 2nd Lebanon War - IDF 600 to 800 Hezbollah killed; 440 apparently identified by name and address ([p.16]((https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/120720_Cordesman_LessonsIsraeliHezbollah.pdf)) - Hezb claimed less than 100 killed during the war, before later bringing the number up to 250 - Human Rights Watch comprehensive study on 94 air strikes, covering 561 killed, finds 39 Hezb combatants, 16 Amal and 6 Communist Party - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War#:~:text=The%20NGO%20Human,%5B213%5D) states that on [p. 79](https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/lebanon0907.pdf), they extrapolated their findings to the other 548 deaths and concluded a total of 250 combatants killed out of 1,109. However, the HRW footnote only leads to an [AP article](https://www.10452lccc.com/daily%20news%20bulletin/december.english30.06.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com) where they give a total number of 250 Hezb militants killed, quoted *directly from Hezbollah*. In other words, HRW didn't "extrapolate" anything from their final toll. Instead they provided "the most comprehensive available" research on half the deaths in the war, only managed to turn out 39 Hezbollah (plus 16 Amal and 6 Communist Party) combatants, then just borrowed Hezb's own numbers from a public news article and put that as the final death toll, whilst claiming to have "collected information" about the other deaths. - [UN and Lebanese government officials](https://study.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/International%20Communication%20Gazette-2009-Shinar-451-71.pdf) later estimated around 500 Hezbollah members killed ## Cast Lead - Hamas initially claims to have lost [48 fighters](https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2009%2F01%2F19%2F64513) - Israel claims [709](https://archive.ph/ELuM7)([archive?](https://web.archive.org/web/20101106061603/http://news.yahoo.com:80/s/afp/20101101/wl_mideast_afp/israelpalestiniansconflictgazahamastoll)) - Goldstone says Israel's assertion that "an overwhelming majority of the police forces were also members of the Hamas military wing" is an "overstatement" ([p. 106-107](https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/a-hrc-12-48.pdf)) and describes the majority of policemen killed in the attacks as civilians ([p. 414](https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/a-hrc-12-48.pdf)) - Goldstone dismisses Israeli research claiming the majority of dead police and security officers were soldiers by arguing that they may have just been "adopted" as "martyr's". Apparently the authors of the report don't know the difference between "shahid" and "mujahid", nor did they bother to check whether these people were claims as "Hamas" in general or specifically as "al-Qassam Brigades". - Of the 294 police and security officers claimed to be soldiers by the Orient study, [all but 32 of them](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1d91sJVbpa5Lx84bXgCxPaZPABA3tYjIL/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) are verified by Palestinian militant groups themselves. - Almost 2 years after the war, Hamas [admitted](https://archive.ph/ELuM7) that they lost 600-700 fighters, including 250 police officers on the first day - about the same number which Goldstone rejected. ## Protective Edge - Aug 2014: Initial numbers - [Islamic Jihad](https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza/) claims 121 fighters killed in Gaza - [IDF claims](https://www.jpost.com/operation-protective-edge/operation-protective-edge-by-numbers-370161) 750-1000 total - Feb 2015: [AP review](https://apnews.com/general-news-national-national-098f6f687f4e41a1a9b7387e515e6a66) of 247 strikes - 508 / 844 killed (60%) were women, children and elderly men - Only 96 confirmed or suspected militants (11%) - Hamas claimed about 400 fighters lost - May 2015: [PA Health Ministry](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-201329/) (not GMoH) report to the UN - 2,145 total killed: 581 children (27%), 486 women (22.7%), and 102 elderly persons (4.8%), totalling 54.5% of the dead - May 2015: Israeli government report (p. 275, A10) - IDF data claims **2,125 killed** in total, including **936 militants** - 631 Hamas, 201 PIJ, 104 other - Militant pages show 565 Hamas, 128 PIJ - Sept 2016: [B'Tselem database](https://www.btselem.org/2014_gaza_conflict/he/) - List of those "killed in the fighting", based on research by Gazan investigators, interviews with family members and cross-referencing with open-source information - 247 women (12%), 1,295 men (58.7%) - Concluded 37% of deaths were combatants (785 total) - Hamas getting smart - [Instructions](https://youtu.be/tC2KP7bOskc?si=flHYH6_2abfwEUY5&t=1992) to always refer to the dead as 'innocent citizens' - [Other](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-many-civilians-have-been-killed-gaza) [links](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/in-a-clash-between-israel-and-gaza-both-sides-use-social-media-to-fire-epithets-and-hide-behind-euphemisms.html) [discussing](https://youtu.be/e6IvQ2ltGaw?si=t37u0NpMaiXk27NT) it at the time ## Guardian of the Walls - [Matthias Schmale](https://www.npr.org/2021/11/18/1056254276/gaza-united-nations-schmale-palestinians-israel), top UN official in Gaza * Directed UNRWA operations until late-2021 * Tenure ended abruptly after an [interview](https://x.com/N12News/status/1396186742055743490) with Israeli TV, where he described Israeli strikes as precise, sophisticated and claimed that "they didn't hit - with some exceptions - civilian targets" * Though he also described Israel's air campaign as more vicious than the 2014 war, his comments were met with protests outside his building and Hamas stating "its officers would no longer guarantee his safety" # Incidents * WCK bombing, [Australian](https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/international-relations/special-adviser-public-report-government-israels-response-idf-attack-world-central-kitchen-aid-workers-gaza-monday-1-april-2024) [report](https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/special-advisers-public-report-israels-response-wck-strikes-august-2024.pdf) * IDF acknowledges mistaken identification, errors in decision making, violation of IDF RoE and Standard Operating Procedures * Two officers dismissed and 3 senior officers reprimanded (Australian advisor describes "reprimand" as a significant matter likely to affect career and future service) * Special advisor given access to all IDF areas requested, including 90 mins unedited UAV footage of the strikes * WCK reported it would often take a long time to get green light approval from the IDF to ensure "deconfliction" * WCK Welcome Centre showed a security person on one aid truck firing a weapon into the air, assessed as "consistent with Hamas hijacking the aid convoy" * Escort vehicles spotted outside the warehouse with 2-4 gunmen, identified as Hamas - vehicle spotted arriving at another warehouse where up to 4 gunmen entered the building - "A decision was made to discontinue targeting them due to the time available" * WCK vehicles decided to return to Rafah, "rather than return to the WCK Welcome Centre as planned" due to time delays * Division Commander had directed "no more strikes around humanitarian convoys were to occur that night" * Decision to strike was made at the "Brigade staff level" and was cited as "poor decision making" * The Brigade-level officer had been noted as one of 130 signatories to the IDF calling for aid to Gaza to be restricted (Jan 2024) * Strike had taken place in a "humanitarian fire control zone" and *needed* Division Commander approval before engaging * The WCK's changed movement occurred after the decision to engage had been made * The IDF's views on targeting law - particularly precautions, identification criteria, and classification of people - "are the same as the Australian Defence Force (ADF)" * IDF Rules of Engagement and Standard Operating Procedures "in respect of where delegations to engage are held, also appears similar to that of the ADF" (p. 4) * Any charges "may not be 'war crimes' as commonly understood". May instead relate to non-compliance with RoE as opposed to an offence tied to an underlying rule e.g. unlawful killing. "This is not dissimilar to situations that other Western militaries have faced, such as in relation to the Kunduz hospital attack in Afghanistan, which killed many civilians and destroyed a hospital, but where the underlying conduct - while culpable - was not assessed as meeting the requirements for a charge of unlawful killing." * The decision to dismiss two officers and reprimand 3 others "was timely and appears appropriate to the situation" * It's likely that "the ADF could not have imposed equivalent reprimands as quickly as the IDF and CGS was able to" * For taking 12 months to decide on further prosecution, "such a time period is not dissimilar to what would be likely in other Western militaries in a like situation" * Nasser Hospital double tap (22 killed) * [At least 5 militants present](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) * Flour Massacre (~110 killed) * [IDF and some eyewitnesses](https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/29/middleeast/gaza-food-truck-deaths-israel-wwk-intl/index.html) claimed the majority of deaths were due to the stampede and/or the aid vehicle as it tried to escape ; [witness testimony + al-Jazeera reporting](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/3/5/the-blood-was-everywhere-inside-israels-flour-massacre-in-gaza) suggests "dozens" killed by gunshots ; IDF claimed to have fired on "[suspects](https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/09/middleeast/gaza-food-aid-convoy-deaths-eyewitness-intl-investigation-cmd)", which instigated the stampede * [At least 3 militants present](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) * al-Tabeen school bombing (at least 80 killed) * Some accounts suggest "many" militants died here but so far but I haven't looked into this in detail yet) * [At least 2 militants present](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) * [Amnesty incidents](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) * No. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 all had militants present * Almost all of these came from my list of a few hundred PIJ militants, as it was in July * UNRWA-run al-Sardi school strike * [At least 6 militants present]([https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iaFkH7_UWnrZ3BLMi0rK3dIn5K2wImCS/edit?gid=1857742121#gid=1857742121](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true)) * al-Aishiya school strike * At least [3 militants present]([https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?gid=1857742121#gid=1857742121](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true)) * Asmaa school strike * At least [2 militants present]([https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?gid=1857742121#gid=1857742121](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cxCz1Qcv0uf1DB_lHgVz2JxAOdlH3EoX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true)) * Journalists * At least [86](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TuNZU6T9SQuXYkY3R_Q_tJt32vDBxfKL/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) confirmed either collateral or militant * Health sector * At least [84](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kqFd3MS2rqsDVX3eDNuqp-pnUfAI55HW/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true) confirmed militants * Aid workers (Mubayyad's name, which can be seen in the [archived](https://archive.ph/aUKPK) version, has since been taken out of the [live page](https://saraya.ps/post/68161/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%81-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-). It looks like PIJ have decided to hide his affiliation. They've done this in at least one other case, but would need more to establish a clear pattern) * [Mubayyad](https://gigaza.org/en/martyrs/mohammed-jamal-faraj-al-mubayed/), [article](https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israeli-airstrikes-kill-five-gaza-aid-workers-from-turkish-organization/), [aid org](https://x.com/IHHen/status/1927830458894582137?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1927830458894582137%7Ctwgr%5E2504f2892ac97fae5b3641717637b9d03acaee91%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestinechronicle.com%2Fisraeli-airstrikes-kill-five-gaza-aid-workers-from-turkish-organization%2F), [profile](https://d4z8kqixxddig2.archive.ph/aUKPK/0033235a661f86c10c4af12fa1f824a6daaae82e.jpg), [Saraya](https://archive.ph/aUKPK), [gone](https://saraya.ps/post/68161/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%81-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-) * Tents * [Mostly al-Mawasi]([https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iaFkH7_UWnrZ3BLMi0rK3dIn5K2wImCS/edit?gid=1857742121#gid=1857742121](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iaFkH7_UWnrZ3BLMi0rK3dIn5K2wImCS/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111705963001640984955&rtpof=true&sd=true)) # Hamas - Maximising civilian casualties * [Sinwar](https://archive.ph/IFSfK) describing the deaths of Gazans as "necessary sacrifices" - [Haniyeh](https://palwatch.org/page/34835) on women, children and elderly - [New York Times analysis](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/13/world/middleeast/hamas-gaza-israel-fighting.html) of Hamas combat footage, interviews with 3 Hamas members, and scores of Israeli soldiers * Using civilians homes and infrastructure, including medical facilities, UN offices and mosques, to conceal fighters, tunnel entrances, booby traps and ammunition stores * Using civilians, including children, to act as lookouts * Leaving secret signs outside homes to signal to fellow fighters the presence of mines, tunnel entrances or weapons caches inside * Dragging the war out for as long as possible, even at the expense of more civilian death and destruction * Hamas official in Qatar, Mousa Abu Marzouk - "If there's someone who takes a weapon from under a bed, is that a justification for killing 100,000 people?" * Hamas member: "If I live in Zeitoun, for example, and the army comes - I will fight them there, from my home, or my neighbour's, or from the mosque. I will fight them anywhere I am." * Civilian roles and locations (examples) * Shadi Mohammed Qannan * [Police officer](https://gigaza.org/martyrs/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%82%D9%86%D9%86/) killed in al-Aishiya school; also a [PIJ Commander](https://t.me/SarayaMirror/19796) * Fadi Jihad al-Wadiyeh * [MSF](https://gigaza.org/martyrs/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9/) Physiotherapist, [killed on his bicycle](https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/msf-physiotherapist-killed-gaza-while-his-way-work), also an [Islamic Jihad commander](https://saraya.ps/post/68146/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%81-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85#more_images-15) * Mohammed Adel Abu Sakheel * [Journalist](https://stopmurderingjournalists.com/martyrs/muhammad-adel-abu-sakhil-138), [Shams News Agency](https://cpj.org/data/people/mohamed-abu-skheil/), killed in the [al-Shifa raid](https://gazacultrualsector.palestine-studies.org/ar/node/4605), also a [PIJ squad commander](https://saraya.ps/post/68188/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9-#more_images-10) ([translated](https://ibb.co/zTKQ6gpL)) * [Mohammed Deif](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/1/israel-says-hamas-military-leader-mohammed-deif-killed-in-july), Hamas military chief, killed in a strike on al-Mawasi ([confirm](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g9p33xd2go)) * [Mohammed Sinwar](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c62veqrq3yzo), killed in a tunnel underneath the European Hospital ([image](https://www.reuters.com/resizer/v2/2Z4HT2UVVFPQPEB564BCH6NYFE.jpg?auth=5e9371ad61ab39b183ca0401fe1b5392089849b54c5b98f0cb29f842c3362f43&width=1080&quality=80)) - ["no militant activity"](https://www.gazahealthcareletters.org/usa-letter-oct-2-2024#:~:text=We%20wish%20to%20be%20absolutely%20clear%3A%20not%20once%20did%20any%20of%20us%20see%20any%20type%20of%20Palestinian%20militant%20activity%20in%20any%20of%20Gaza%E2%80%99s%20hospitals%20or%20other%20healthcare%20facilities.) * Non-distinction * [Instructions](https://youtu.be/tC2KP7bOskc?si=flHYH6_2abfwEUY5&t=1992) to always refer to the dead as 'innocent citizens' (This was originally found on the YouTube channel of Gaza's Interior Ministry which has since been banned. It was also reported in [NYT](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/in-a-clash-between-israel-and-gaza-both-sides-use-social-media-to-fire-epithets-and-hide-behind-euphemisms.html) and by the [Washington Institute](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-many-civilians-have-been-killed-gaza)) * Their [internal security department](https://gazaherald.com/2026/02/27/al-majd/) has spent the last 3 years [reminding](https://t.me/asmailpress/81716) Gazans to hold their tongues if they get contacted by people claiming to be from aid or health organisations * Evacuations (Ministry of Interior) * [13th Oct, 2023](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/we-dont-know-what-to-do-people-gaza-caught-between-hamas-order-idf-tanks): Describes IDF evacuation orders as a "disgusting psychological war waged by the occupation" * [10th July, 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/10/israel-orders-palestinians-to-leave-gaza-city-as-doha-truce-talks-continue): Evacuations as "psychological warfare" * [Abu Marzouk](https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-hamas-official-claims-group-is-not-responsible-for-defending-gazan-civilians/) claims the tunnels are for the military and Gazan civilians are the responsibility of Israel and the UN * Suppression * Gazan [pushed](https://x.com/kann_news/status/1730960193133949014) away by journalist for attacking Qatar and Turkey (AJ [clip](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2zYZnEc7kE) from the same area on the same day) * [Gazan](https://vimeo.com/884824682) in a hospital accusing the resistance of hiding among civilians * Sinwar * Referencing Oct 7th plans to al-Jazeera ([4:45](https://www.facebook.com/100064920212876/videos/hamas-leader-in-gaza-yahya-al-sinwar-salutes-al-jazeera-tv-iran-and-yasser-arafa/225434419387716/)) * [Hundreds of km of tunnels, thousands of traps](https://www.memri.org/reports/hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-we-have-hundreds-kilometers-underground-tunnels-thousands-traps), video watched [here](https://www.youtube.com/live/2qjR65TGJBI?si=5mhvwKwjlffFXMdp&t=3955) (no longer available) # COI Reports ## Targeting children * Para 288: Targeting of educational facilities to attack "the hopes and aspirations of the Palestinian people as a whole." * Unbelievably stupid statement, completely ignoring Hamas and PIJ's presence in [schools](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/hamas-unrwa-schools.html) * Link: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session62/a-hrc-62-crp-2.pdf ## Genocide - [IVF clinic strike](https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session58/a-hrc-58-crp-6.pdf) - the first single act the COI used to ascribe genocidal intent - was "intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act"... "this is the only inference that could reasonably be drawn from the acts in question." (para. 175) - The "precision of the strike" and "the extent of damage to the clinic in comparison with the surrounding buildings" ([para. 153](https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session60/advance-version/a-hrc-60-crp-3.pdf)) - Reuters [article](https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/5000-lives-one-shell-gazas-ivf-embryos-destroyed-by-israeli-strike-2024-04-17/) and [image](https://www.reuters.com/resizer/v2/K5X66LCE5FO5XAGYE7AUV54I3U.jpg?auth=9694713500819edf11f0dd0bb0b606f5c9a2a2002aa0499f3278438c5c328ac5&width=1080&quality=80) - did they just not notice the building next to the clinic with the massive black hole in it? # Amnesty ## Quotes * Netanyahu: Offensive would continue "with neither limitations nor respite" until Israel destroyed Hamas' military and governing capabilities * [Oct 7th statement](https://www.gov.il/en/pages/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-7-oct-2023): "All of the places which Hamas is deployed, hiding and operating in, that wicked city, we will turn them into rubble. I say to the residents of Gaza: Leave now because we will operate forcefully everywhere." * Gallant: Human animals, eliminate everything * [Talking](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9pekNeOYII&t=22s) to soldiers in Hebrew * Amnesty claims he is appearing to "incite soldiers to indiscriminate attacks", even though the second sentence they quote says "kill everyone who *fights* us, whether it is one terrorist or a hundred." (p. 242) * [Fighting human animals](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nxvS9VY-t0) * They cite this quote repeatedly throughout the document as "siege on Gaza", even though their own Hebrew-to-English translation in the footnotes correctly specifies "Gaza City". * Even when they acknowledge that he specified Hamas the day after, they insist that the measures from Oct 9th were "clearly directed at the entire population of Gaza". Did they not read their own translation? Maybe it would look less generalised if they acknowledge that he was referring to a *part* of Gaza - specifically the part they were telling civilians to flee from - thereby invalidating the above statement? * How are they so sure that this 20 second clip with no available context (the mics seem to be muted for the first 2-3 seconds) is so "clearly" about the entire population? (p. 245) * Apparently by Amnesty's standards, if anyone refers to "the enemy" or the people "we are fighting", they would have to remind everyone listening every single time that the enemy is Hamas. If they miss the mark even once, any following actions that result in death and harm could be interpreted as genocide by this method. * Herzog: Rhetoric about civilians not aware * Amnesty seems to acknowledge his [clarifying comments](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZhXsGHwK4c) in the same interview, but then accuses him of failing "to clearly distinguish between civilians and Hamas fighters" and generalising "that civilians were directly involved in launching attacks against Israelis from their homes" (p. 253) * [Footage](https://t.me/AqmarTofanKH/626) of a Hamas guy firing an RPG from his kitchen lol * "[I agree. There are many many innocent Palestinians who don't agree to this](https://youtu.be/Om3KRrL_6vM?si=dO1fX_Lobyao9v0_&t=589)" ([Bartov](https://youtu.be/LEtMIWJivRc?si=thYm_R7046LGgnyO&t=958) repeats "no uninvolved people") * Netanyahu: Amalek * "Remember what Amalek did to you" is from [Deuteronomy 25:17](https://www.bible.com/bible/111/DEU.25.17-19.NIV) but was instead attributed to [Samuel 15](https://www.sefaria.org/I_Samuel.15.4?lang=bi), which includes the command to slaughter the Amalekites, including "men and women, infants and sucklings, oxen and sheep, camels and asses" * Deuteronomy is the direct call to remember / never forget, as is referenced on the [Amalek monument](https://bkdh.nl/en/kunstwerken/amalek-monument/) at the Hague * Google translate of the transcript reads "Remember what Amalek did to you, we are commanded." Amnesty seems to think his inclusion of the word "commanded" is a sneaky reference to Samuel 15 which includes "God's command" to attack Amalek (p. 260). Given that Samuel 15 doesn't even include "Remember what Amalek did to you", this is an insanely childish stretch by Amnesty, bordering on conspiratorial * Other quotes * [PM on Oct 7th](https://x.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1710863309119848634) * [Political-security cabinet](https://x.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1710863307622568085) * [Oct 8th National Security Council](https://x.com/IsraeliPM_heb/status/1711055558210387970) * [Children of light and darkness](https://x.com/IsraeliPM/status/1720433550355271940) / [facebook](https://www.facebook.com/IsraeliPM/posts/pfbid02ZYHhvuuHE3DU8hSbGbbFZ4gPbYEd8QZicqVxZN6aPEv1adWdEM5cpZsttsLo9du8l) ## Aid * Netanyahu claim of 3,000 calories per day per person entering Gaza (p. 166) * [OCHA](https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148386) source says COGAT inflated the number of trucks entering Gaza because they were half full. Stresses the need for Israel in particular to "ensure humanitarian access does not stop at the border". Also uses a table repeating the 500 trucks claim. * The half full claim is apparently verified by nothing other than Jens Laerke's statement. COGAT denies that this was ever a requirement * [Explain](https://ibb.co/sdMcfp5t) [all](https://ibb.co/FL9cgdBT) [the](https://ibb.co/20tPqCYt) [trucks](https://ibb.co/GQKJPK74) [that](https://ibb.co/gL0WB7fr) [are](https://ibb.co/JWGq7YtQ) completely full? * "Israeli authorities claim the UN undercounted" - Amnesty doesn't mention that [UNRWA](https://www.ochaopt.org/data/crossings) agrees with this * Trucks as an imperfect method * They correctly argue that trucks are imperfect, but they don't engage with the rest of [COGAT's data](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11818336/) which outlines the *weight* of food entering Gaza, and the breakdown of food types * Instead, they argue that pre-war food trucks don't account for the loss of domestic production (no one has argued that they do) and apparently reach for the highest estimate, to overstate the proportion of domestic food vs imports. * They claim that 44% of Gazan food consumption came from "domestic agricultural products", citing the [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics](https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/en/post-details/?postId=20496) from Nov 2023, but they seem to have misunderstood their source. The press release from PCBS states that "44% of the household final consumption of agricultural commodities comes from the local production of agricultural products produced in the Gaza Strip". They don't define "agricultural commodities" here, but this typically refers only to goods which are purchased for consumption directly from the farm e.g. fresh produce, eggs etc. It doesn't include anything with an intermediate production step ([see A-Agriculture vs C10 manufacture of food products](https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/index/nace_all.html)) * Other [research](https://gaza-projections.org/docs/report3/wartime_food_availability_in_the_gaza_strip.pdf) that goes a little deeper than a press release from the PCBS argued that agricultural output fulfilled about 12% of pre-war caloric intake, suggesting that the initial UN call for 100 trucks per day would be more than enough to compensate for domestic losses. Interestingly, this study also claims that the agricultural sector was still partially functioning and fulfilling about 4-7% of Gaza's caloric needs in May 2024 * Despite the implications, Amnesty ultimately claimed that they have "not sought to establish how many food trucks would be needed to enter Gaza to replace the loss of domestic food production and meet the population's nutritional needs" (p. 175). Why bring up the 44% figure then? * Security guarantees * On page 28, Amnesty argues that the "Israeli military failed to provide the required security guarantees" for aid distribution * They seem to have forgotten that Israel is still not the government in the areas where most Gazans were living. In case it comes up in the debate, it's worth remembering that "as a general rule, humanitarian convoys will not use armed escorts" ([p. 17](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/771261/files/A_CN.4_668-EN.pdf)), be it from the IDF or from Hamas * Humanitarian v. Private sector complaint * 2024 [research](https://www.calpnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Gaza-Market-assessment-22Oct2024-final.pdf) showed that the re-sale of humanitarian aid was already an "extensive practice" * [May 22nd 2024](https://govextra.gov.il/cogat/humanitarian-efforts/mainhome/archive/) - 650 truckloads waiting for distribution. The private sector may have been the only available lifeline here * Doesn't consider that this included local private traders *in Gaza* who were importing food from the West Bank. In May and June, they imported 205,000 tonnes of food though 4,900 truckloads ([p. 22](https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-10/gaza_insights_on_private_sector-october_2024.pdf)) * Aid crossings closed * Amnesty doesn't mention Hamas' contribution to closures e.g. [6th May 2024](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68960585) when Hamas rocket fire killed 4 soldiers near Kerem Shalom ([they had also fired there on May 5th](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/5/karem-abu-salem-crossing-closed-to-aid-convoys-after-attack-israeli-army)) ## ICJ rulings * Rafah offensive * "On 24 May 2024, the ICJ ordered Israel to immediately stop military operations in the Rafah governorate, which Israel did not." (p. 64) * This ICJ order was notoriously vague ([para. 50](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-00-en.pdf)) and even the judges who voted in favour of it didn't seem to agree on what it meant * [Judge Bogdan Aurescu](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-03-en.pdf) said it was "unclear" as to whether this meant a halt to the entire offensive or - as he claims it should - halts it "to the extent that it 'may inflict on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life..." * He argues that the court should have clarified that this would *"not affect in any way the legitimate right of Israel to undertake actions, which should be conducted in strict conformity with international law... to protect its civilian citizens and to free the hostages still held in the Rafah area by Hamas and other armed groups."* * [Judge Dire Tladi](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-04-en.pdf) who voted for *the same order* claimed that it had *"in explicit terms, ordered the State of Israel to halt its offensive in Rafah."* * [Nolte](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-02-en.pdf), who voted in favour, agreed with Aurescu in saying the Court should specify that the orders limit the offensive "as far as it could endanger the rights...", but he also states that the Court can only play a limited role and "must be careful not to overstep the limits of what it can and should do." * Withdraw occupation, July 2024 (p. 17) * Instead of complying with the opinion which "called on Israel to withdraw all of its military forces and remove civilian settlements and settlers, Israel entrenched its military presence in Gaza..." * Amnesty seems to think the law compels Israel to unilaterally withdraw from both Gaza and the West Bank (apparently while Hamas was still holding hostages?!). Not only did the [ICJ opinion](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-jud-01-00-en.pdf) not say that, but this is effectively saying the only way for Israel to comply with the law is to commit suicide. * Resolution 242 - which is not superseded by the ICJ opinion - still conditions Israeli withdrawal on mutual recognition and guarantees for lasting peace, not that Israel instantly and unilaterally leaves Gaza and the West Bank in the hands of an organisation that is ideologically bound *against* recognition and peace * [Nolte and Cleveland](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-jud-01-09-en.pdf) - who voted in favour of the opinion - which said Israel must end its presence "as rapidly as possible", were both clear that this is not the same as saying it must end "immediately, totally and unconditionally." They even went further, saying "there are significant practical issues that would make an 'immediate' withdrawal and cessation of some aspects of Israel's presence not possible" * [Judge Yusuf](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-jud-01-05-en.pdf) seems to interpret it the opposite way, even subtly suggesting that Israel's defensive needs that originally justified the occupation may never have even existed to begin with * Israel still occupies Gaza (p. 49-50) * Separate opinion from [Judge Iwasawa](https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/186/186-20240719-jud-01-07-en.pdf) argues that the Court's "functional approach"... "is not concerned with the status of the territory as such. Its focus is rather on whether a State continues to be bound by certain obligations under the law of occupation." * Functional approach = Withdrawal may take place partially, but obligations still remain because of control over borders, airspace, population registry etc. * Having voted in favour of the measure, Iwasawa states that the Court "does not take a position as to whether Gaza remained 'occupied' within the meaning of the law of occupation after 2005." * Amnesty are interpreting the opinion to mean that, because Israel has obligations attached to their control of the border and the airspace, Israel as much the "occupying power" in Gaza as they are in Area C. Unfortunately neither they, nor the court, discuss how they can seriously say this when there is another *de facto* government and military force still ruling over the overwhelming majority of Palestinians in Gaza. Would it not behove them to explain how they think the Hamas-run areas are also an area where Israeli "[authority has been established and can be exercised](https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/hague-conv-iv-1907/regulations-art-42)"?. Apparently not. Instead, they take it as a default and habitually use the "occupying power" label to act as if Israel is the *only* one obligated to "ensure the safety and well-being of displaced Palestinians, including their access to basic necessities, such as safe and adequate shelter, food, medicine, water and sanitation facilities, in the areas to which people were displaced." (p. 24, 36, 147) ## Misc notes * Why the constant quotation marks around "evacuation orders"? either you think they shouldn't warn people before they strike, or that they shouldn't strike at all - both are ridiculous * "humanitarian zone" of al-Mawasi - Strange that they don't explain whose fault it is that Mawasi couldn't be a safe zone * Highest death tolls for journalists and humanitarian workers - Hamas have now admitted to having a significant amount of militants occupying both of these roles * Total mischaracterisation of the ICJ opinion in July 2024 * "Allowing for dual or instrumental intent is the only way to ensure that genocide remains prohibited during times of war." - this is just false. The Holocaust and the Srebrenica Massacre happened during times of war but didn't even slightly overlap with any real military objective. The allies knew by late 1942 that the Nazis were intending to exterminate the European Jews and I seriously doubt any of them were confused as to whether this was being done in aid of a military objective. In [Rwanda](https://unictr.irmct.org/files/case-documents/ictr-95-1/trial-judgements/en/990521.pdf), the court contended with an argument that roadblocks are a "natural phenomenon during times of war", but obviously had no difficulty in explaining how these roadblocks in particular "were unrelated to military operations" and instead "were used to identify the Tutsi victims of the genocide." * p. 26 - Entitlement of 70% of Gazans to return to Israel * p. 28 - Aid theft blamed on Israel's attacks on the police (the Goldstone Report lives on!) and "Israeli military failed to provide the required security guarantees" for effective aid distribution * p. 28-29 - "Promise of 500 trucks a day", "daily average of 327... in the year preceding Israel's offensive". The original UN call for [100 trucks a day](https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142532) on Oct 18th has long vanished * p. 32 - Destruction of cultural and religious sites; the first time Hamas were ever caught stashing weapons was in a mosque but maybe Amnesty still needs time to catch up * p. 33 - "Israeli forces were in control of the sites at the time" - not even humouring the possibility of tunnels / infrastructure or even other criminal motives like scorched warfare? p. 36 - "unhindered passage into and within Gaza of sufficient, safe and affordable quantities of essential goods and materials necessary for the reconstruction and repair of damaged and destroyed civilian property and infrastructure" ; free movement for all civilians ; ensure temporary housing ; immediate ceasefire ; end occupation of Gaza and the OPT "within 12 months" (including the blockade) - Ultimately, Amnesty just doesn't want Israel to fight this war * Aid obligations * 41 malnutrition deaths as of Nov 2024 ([GMO](https://t.me/mediagovps/3300)) * [Aid piling up inside Gaza](https://www.npr.org/2024/07/15/nx-s1-5035998/gaza-israel-food-aid-piling-up-not-reaching-those-in-need) * COGAT updates 2024 ([September](https://ibb.co/CsbMz4mM), [October](https://ibb.co/HTkggK9y), [November](https://ibb.co/cSm6mhPH), [December](https://ibb.co/wNPhk061)) * Not one mention from Amnesty of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator's call for [100 trucks per day](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/briefing-by-martin-griffiths-under-secretary-general-for-humanitarian-affairs-and-emergency-relief-coordinator-at-the-emergency-session-of-the-un-security-council/) in Oct 18th ([Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trucks-enter-gaza-carrying-medical-supplies-food-hamas-2023-10-21/)) # Bartov * Cellar debate * Noam contends that Bartov hasn't called the dropping of atomic bombs in Japan, the Iran-Iraq war, or the Congolese civil war genocide * Bartov seems to acknowledge that defeating Hamas would entail destroying Gaza i.e. because of the tunnels ([15:00 - 20:00](https://youtu.be/LEtMIWJivRc?si=U1hlcI4y5qcOiqC9&t=900)) * [Agrees](https://youtu.be/LEtMIWJivRc?si=Cxnqt5U9LL-I23Qi&t=2031) that Hamas needs to be destroyed but argues that this isn't the government's war aim. His answer to "how do you destroy them" is "you operate against them militarily but you provide an alternative" - goes on to say that the only people who can rule Gaza are the Palestinians * [Wonder](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv02/d1382) if something along the lines of Potsdam would be acceptable? * [Netanyahu, Jan 2024](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYfm1Kp8rWI) - [Bartov](https://youtu.be/LEtMIWJivRc?si=rfIppjwZ63U5JMHj&t=2543), "if they had said..." * "Everyone in Israel knows exactly what it means. Remember Amalek, wipe them out" ([53:08](https://youtu.be/LEtMIWJivRc?si=0PbkpyO9ESX9XdTI&t=3188)) # GHF * Overall an unbelievably cruel and incompetent policy, doubt we'll disagree much on the facts here, other than a handful of incidents that were likely instigated by Hamas - Hamas murder of alternative aid distributors * [Arrest](https://www.newarab.com/news/hamas-led-authorities-accuse-pa-trying-infiltrate-gaza) of aid escorts accused of being PA men sent to infiltrate Gaza * [11th June](https://www.un.org/unispal/document/ohchr-killings-of-gaza-humanitarian-foundation-workers): A bus carrying Palestinian GHF workers was attacked by a group of armed men (allegedly Hamas) who stripped and beat them before shooting some of them. Survivors were detained, allegedly tortured and denied medical treatment. In total, 12 died and others were injured. # Famine - Yemen - [November 2023 - October 2024 report](https://www.unicef.org/yemen/media/10201/file) - In Hodeidah, *"the crude and under five mortality was very low, at 0.28 and 1.03 per 10,000 per day respectively, which is below the threshold of emergency IPC classification"* (p. 11) - 33,022 children under 5 in Hodeidah -> 3.4 deaths per day -> 1,135 deaths in 11 months - Applied to just 200,000 people in Gaza, a crude mortality rate of 0.28 would mean 5.6 excess deaths per day or 2,044 in a year - Applied to all aged 0-4 in Gaza, a mortality rate of 1.03 per 10,000 would mean 33.5 excess deaths per day or 12,237 in a year (3,059 when applied to 1/4 of the population) - [According to the GMoH](https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1206479861/israel-gaza-hamas-children-population-war-palestinians), just over 15% of Gaza's population ([2.17 million](https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/Press_En_InterPopDay2022E.pdf)) was aged 0-4 in 2022 - The IPC has never made an official famine declaration for Yemen, despite an estimated [85,000 children](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-46261983) under 5 dying of malnutrition in 3 years of war - Sudan - [IPC report in July 2024](https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Famine_Review_Committee_Report_Sudan_July2024.pdf) - Found it plausible that IPC Phase 5 (Famine) was ongoing in Zamzam camp near El Fasher town and was likely to continue through the year - Population estimated at 300-400,000 before April 2024 and at least 500,000 by July, due to people fleeing nearby areas (p. 5) - "CDR was already very close to the Famine threshold in January (**1.9 deaths/10,000 people/day).** Since that time there has been an increase in the risk factors for non-trauma mortality. With all these factors contributing to worse situation since January, and especially since April/May when violence escalated access routes were largely blocked... the FRC concludes that mortality has crossed the Famine thresholds." (p. 14) - 1.9 deaths / 10,000 applied to 1/4 of Gaza would have meant 103 excess deaths per day - [Report in December 2024](https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Famine_Review_Committee_Report_Sudan_Dec2024.pdf) - 1.07 CDR in Western Nuba mountains IPD site - 1.24 CDR in Central Nuba mountains IDP site - "The FRC considers there is a **risk of Famine** in the Central Nuba Mountains" - 67 deaths per day if applied to 1/4 of Gaza - Gaza - [September 19th, 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/18/israel-starving-gaza-hundreds-of-deaths-including-many-children?utm_source=chatgpt.com): Al Jazeera reported 440 starvation deaths since Oct 7th - Also mentions [IPC snapshot](https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_July_Sept2025_Special_Snapshot.pdf) of August 15th, claiming over 281,000 people in the Gaza Governorate experiencing Phase 5 and 468,000 (half of the governorate's population of 937,000) experiencing Phase 4 - Assuming all of these deaths happened in one month in the Gaza Governorate and *only* in the area experiencing Phase 5, the CDR would be (440 / 281,000 x 30) x 10,000 = 0.5 deaths per 10,000 - Applying it to the Governorate areas experiencing Phase 4 and 5, the CDR would be (440 / 749,000 x 30) x 10,000 = 0.19 deaths per 10,000 - HRW - 10,000 under rubble (p. 119) - 186,000 excess deaths, lancet (p. 122) - 99 doctors, 62,413 deaths (p. 122-123) # Safe zones * [GC AP I, Article 60: Demilitarised Zones](https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-60) * [Article 85](https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-85): Repression of breaches of this Protocol * [Article 15](https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-15): Neutralised Zones * All subject to mutual agreement * [Nov 16th, 2023](https://www.ochaopt.org/content/statement-principals-inter-agency-standing-committee-humanitarian-chiefs-will-not-take-part-unilateral): UN leaders refuse to participate in attempts to establish safe zones * "We will not participate in the establishment of any 'safe zone' in Gaza that is set up without the agreement of all the parties" * "No 'safe zone' is truly safe when it is declared unilaterally" * [Juliette Touma, UNRWA](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jld7j50eo): "We have said it so many times. There is no safe zone in Gaza. No place is safe. No-one is safe. No place is spared." * Al-Mawassi * [Mohammed Deif](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/dozens-killed-israel-strikes-al-mawasi-hamas-mohamed-deif-rcna161692) killed in al-Mawassi, July 13th, 2024 * Hamas didn't [admit](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g9p33xd2go) his death until Jan 30th, 2025 * [BBC verify](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jld7j50eo) recorded 550 deaths from 97 strikes in Mawassi by Jan 2025 * 1.18% of all deaths by that point * First strike seems to have been 12th Feb 2024 (overall death toll was 28,340, so 18,260 between first strike and BBC article) - 3% of total deaths at most * [400,000 people](https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149951) in May 2024 * [1 million](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jld7j50eo) in Jan 2025 * [Lazzarini, May 2024](https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149951): "The claim that people in Gaza can move to 'safe' or 'humanitarian' zones is false. Each time, it puts the lives of civilians at serious risk" # Misc - Hamas combat footage - [Civilian home](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZpuYOvA-DA) - [Tunnel in open field](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb7TB6nX5No) - [Qassam sniper](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Mf2JfZavcU) - [Guy firing mortars from a tent](https://alqassam.ps/arabic/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88/3239/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD) - Albanese - [Eliminating Hamas](https://x.com/HillelNeuer/status/2091258605752209788) "is at the heart of the genocidal logic that Israel has implemented" * [Don't think](https://x.com/HillelNeuer/status/2091258605752209788?s=20) of cut throats, people armed to the teeth * UN * Didn't know about [tunnels](https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k13/k13iet3vr1) (16:10) * [Matthias Schmale](https://www.npr.org/2021/11/18/1056254276/gaza-united-nations-schmale-palestinians-israel), top UN official in Gaza * Directed UNRWA operations until late-2021 * Tenure ended abruptly after an [interview](https://x.com/N12News/status/1396186742055743490) with Israeli TV, where he described Israeli strikes as precise, sophisticated and claimed that "they didn't hit - with some exceptions - civilian targets" * Though he also described Israel's air campaign as more vicious than the 2014 war, his comments were met with protests outside his building and Hamas stating "its officers would no longer guarantee his safety"