#aix #linux #unix #ksh #kornshell #who #pwd #uptime #ps #process #pid #netstat #wc #lsattr #uname #bootinfo #lsmcode #lscfg #od #bc #usysdefault #oslevel #lsmcode #find #grep #last #enq #find #shellscript #mount #bffcreate #lpstat #printer #printqueue #printers #installp #install #installatie
#### **Getting the State of Devices**
To list all connected devices:
`lsdev –C`
(See also: [[Hardware information in AIX]])
Example output:
`sys0 Available 00-00 System Object sysplanar0 Available 00-00 System Planar pci0 Available 00-fe0f0020 PCI Bus pci1 Available 00-fe0f0090 PCI Bus ... hdisk0 Available 10-10-00-0,0 Bull 9.1 GB 16 Bit SCSI Disk Drive cd0 Available 10-18-00-6,0 Bull Multimedia CD-ROM Drive`
#### **Check Tape Drives**
To list all tape drives and their status:
`lsdev -Cc tape`
Example output:
`rmt0 Available 10-18-00-5,0 Bull 12/24 GB 4mm Tape Drive rmt1 Available 15-10-00-2,0 Other SCSI Tape Drive`
#### **Check SCSI Adapters**
To list all SCSI controllers:
`lsdev -C | grep scsi`
Example output:
`scsi0 Available 10-10 Wide/Ultra-2 SCSI I/O Controller scsi1 Available 10-18 Wide/Fast-20 SCSI I/O Controller`
#### **Check ARTIC960 PCI Adapter**
`lsdev -C | grep ric`
Example output:
`riciop0 Available 2C-08 IBM ARTIC960 PCI Adapter`
---
### **Reporting Filesystem Space**
To check filesystem space usage:
`df`
Example output:
`Filesystem 512-blocks Free %Used Mounted on /dev/hd4 1015808 916320 10% / /dev/hd2 5013504 3104352 39% /usr /dev/hd9var 1409024 1354872 4% /var`
For a **kilobyte-based** output:
`df -k`
KopiërenBewerken
`Filesystem 1024-blocks Free %Used Mounted on /dev/hd4 507904 458144 10% / /dev/hd2 2506752 1552176 39% /usr`
---
### **Viewing the AIX Error Log**
The error log file is located in:
`cd /var/adm/ras ls -lra`
Example of error log file:
`-rw-r--r-- 1 root system 179131 Sep 28 15:02 errlog`
To display detailed system errors:
`errpt -a`
Example output:
`LABEL: SCSI_ERR10 IDENTIFIER: 0BA49C99 Date/Time: Mon Jul 17 11:32:05 Resource Name: scsi3 Description: SCSI BUS ERROR Recommended Actions: CHECK CABLE AND ITS CONNECTIONS`
---
### **Generating a System Snapshot**
To collect AIX system information (for troubleshooting):
`snap -a`
This generates logs in the `/tmp` directory (approx. **20MB** in size).
---
### **Managing NetBIOS in AIX**
If NetBIOS/X daemons fail to start properly, use **smit**:
`smitty`
Then navigate to:
`Communications Applications and Services NetBIOS/X NetBIOS/X Management Start NetBIOS/X Stop NetBIOS/X`
- If NetBIOS/X is already running, you will see:
**"NetBIOS/X has already been started"**
- If it was stopped, starting it will either succeed or show a **clear error message**.
---
### **Fixing Fibre Channel (FC) Issues**
If you encounter **hdisk-1** or **hdisk-2** instead of expected disk names, it may indicate:
- Missing or incorrect `iospcds.rhd` configuration.
- Incorrect GCOS disk detection.
- Connection issues with the **FC adapter** and disk subsystem.
#### **Reconfiguring AIX Fibre Channel**
1. Remove Fibre Channel devices:
`rmdev -Rdl fchan0 rmdev -Rdl fchan1 rmdev -Rdl fchan2 rmdev -Rdl fchan3`
(This may take a few minutes as all connected disks will be removed.)
2. Rebuild AIX configuration:
`cfgmgr`
- If **FCP (Fibre Channel Protocol) is not created**, there may be a **driver or firmware issue**.
Quick Logout:
CTRL + D
Check Who Is Logged In:
who -u
who am i
Check If a Specific User Is Logged In:
ps -ef
See All Processes of a User:
ps -u <username>
Check When the System Was Last Started:
who -b
Use uptime to see how long the machine has been running.
Check Who Was Logged In, When, and for How Long:
who -a /usr/adm/wtmp
Count the Number of Directories:
ls -al | grep "^d" | wc -l
(^d matches everything that starts with d.)
List Files:
ls
Execute Two Commands on One Line:
who am i; date
(Separate with ;, similar to && in DOS.)
Go to Your Home Directory:
cd
See Which Directory You Are In:
pwd
Get Information About Yourself:
w
Search for Commands/Files:
whereis <command/file>
Example:
whereis motd
Network Information:
netstat -v
Redirect Output to a File:
ls > filelist
To redirect errors to a different file:
ls > filelist 2> errorlist
Terminate a Program:
A program can be stopped by typing ^C.
If this key is mapped to another function, find out using:
stty -a
Look for intr =, which shows the assigned key, e.g., ^C.
Merge the Contents of Multiple Files into One:
cat file1 file2 > file3
View Binary Files:
Use the od (octal dump) command:
od -bc <filename>
Example:
$ od -bc example
0000000 166 157 157 162 142 145 145 154 144 012
v o o r b e e l d \n
(\n represents a newline.)
Count the Number of Words in a Text File:
wc -w <textfile>
Other options:
wc -l → Count lines
wc -c → Count characters
Count the Number of Files in a Directory:
ls | wc -l
Links:
Create a Hard Link:
ln <file1> <file2>
Copy Multiple Files to a Directory:
cp file1 file2 file3 ... <directory>
Copy an Entire Directory:
cp -r <source_dir> <target_dir>
⚠️ Be Careful with rm *
Using rm * can be dangerous. If you mistakenly type a space (e.g., rm * .o), you could delete many files.
To prevent accidental deletions:
Create a file named -i in important directories.
If rm * is executed, it expands to rm -i a b c ..., prompting for confirmation.
To delete the -i file:
rm ./-i
Working with Variables:
Assign a value to a variable:
var=<value>
Read the value:
echo $var
Example with spaces:
myvar='*Hello World*'
echo $myvar
Output:
*Hello World*
(Use ' ' for values containing spaces.)
Pipelines & Command Chaining:
Commands can be linked using:
; → Execute one after another.
& → Run the left command in the background, then continue.
&& → Execute the right command only if the left command succeeds.
|| → Execute the right command only if the left command fails.
Script Programming Structures:
If-Else Statement:
if [ condition ]
then
command1
else
command2
fi
With elif:
if [ condition1 ]
then
command1
elif [ condition2 ]
then
command2
else
command3
fi
While Loop:
while [ condition ]
do
command
done
For Loop:
for name in apple banana cherry
do
echo "*** $name ***"
done
Output:
*** apple ***
*** banana ***
*** cherry ***
Case Statement:
case variable in
pattern1) command ;;
pattern2) command ;;
*) default command ;;
esac
View Memory in AIX:
lsattr -El sys0 | grep realmem
or
bootinfo -r
Check AIX Architecture:
bootinfo -p
If it returns chrp, it's PowerPC.
Check Processor Type:
uname -p
Check AIX Version:
oslevel -r
Check If Hardware is 32-bit or 64-bit:
bootinfo -y
Check the Machine Model:
uname -M
(e.g., IBM 7044-170)
Check If a File Is in Use:
fuser -c <filename>
Example for checking if a CD-ROM is in use:
fuser -c /dev/cd0
View Microcode (Firmware) Version:
lsmcode
Create a System Backup:
mksysb
mksysb /dev/rmt0
Check PCI Slots and Installed Devices:
lsslot -c pci
View System Information:
lscfg
Check an AIX Machine’s Serial Number:
uname -m
Turn Off Indicator Lights After a System Crash:
usysdefault -s normal
Mount a CD-ROM:
mount -V cdrfs -o ro /dev/cd0 /cdrom
Unmount:
umount /cdrom
Check mounted filesystems:
mount
Install a Fix (Patch):
instfix -k IY73748 -d /dev/cd0
Check if a fix is installed:
instfix -ik IY24043
List Installed Network Cards:
lsdev -Cc if
Activate/Deactivate a Network Card:
ifconfig en0 up
ifconfig en0 down
View Active TCP/IP Connections:
netstat -an | grep 192.168.113
Check logged-in users:
who
See what a user is doing:
ps -ef | grep pts/6
Find All Queues That Are Down in AIX:
enq -As | grep DOWN
Check the Last 5 Logins of a User:
last root -5
(This information is retrieved from the file /usr/adm/wtmp.)
Show the Last 25 Executed Commands:
history -25
Disable set -o vi:
set +o vi
iptrace - Debug Trace Utility for IP Packets
Example What it does
iptrace -a -s 193.0.0.1 -i en0 network.log Logs all TCP/IP packets originating from 193.0.0.1 via Ethernet interface en0 into network.log.
ipreport - Generate a Packet Trace Report from iptrace
Example What it does
ipreport network.log Displays trapped packets from an iptrace session in ASCII format. The iptrace process must be terminated before running this command.
Check Print Queues and Their Status:
lpstat -t
Check if the Spooler is Running:
lssrc -g spooler
Example output:
Subsystem Group PID Status
qdaemon spooler 49512 active
writesrv spooler 98708 active
lpd spooler inoperative
(This also shows the PIDs.)
Generate a List of Users:
lsuser -c -a id home ALL | sed '/^#.*/d' | tr ':' '\011' | sort -k1 > list
View a Log File Continuously:
tail -f <logfile>
Check Who Logged In and When:
last
To check a specific user’s login history:
last <username>
Backups
Create a System Backup Before Updates
Before making any system updates, always create a smit mksysb backup to ensure the system can be restored if something goes wrong.
Command:
mksysb
When applying an update, bring the system down to maintenance mode with:
shutdown -Fm
This ensures no one else can interfere during the update process.
Ensure the following file systems are mounted before updating:
/
/tmp
/usr
If the system was preloaded with installable images under /usr/sys/preload, do the following:
Backup these images to tape for later reference (optional).
Remove the /usr/sys/preload directory and its contents.
Check Running Services:
lssrc -a
To list only active services:
lssrc -a | grep active
To stop a running service before updating:
stopsrc -g <SubSystem Group>
stopsrc -s <SubSystem Name>
Some services (e.g., DOS SERVER) may require manual termination using:
kill <PID>
If not stopped, the LPP (Licensed Program Product) update may fail.
bffcreate - Extract Installation Images
Example What it does
bffcreate -qv -d/dev/rmt1.1 -X pci sna snamEn_US Extracts pci, sna, and snamEn_US backup images from tape /dev/rmt1.1 into /usr/sys/inst.images (default installation directory).
bffcreate -qv -d/dev/rmt0.1 -X all Extracts all images from tape to /usr/sys/inst.images.
instupdt - Install, Reject, or Update Licensed Program Products (LPPs)
Example What it does
instupdt -r Rejects applied but uncommitted updates. Use this if an LPP update failed.
lslpp -l Checks if an LPP is installed or in another state.
instupdt -qI -d/dev/rmt0.1 -v -X -F bosadt.xde.obj bosadt.xde.obj Installs bosadt.xde.obj from tape. The -F flag forces downgrade installation if needed.
instupdt -qI -d/dev/rmt0.1 -v -X bosnet.tcpip.obj Installs bosnet.tcpip.obj for the first time.
installp - Install and Manage LPPs
Example What it does
installp -C Cleans up after a failed LPP installation.
installp -c -g -X all Commits all applied LPPs or PTFs.
installp -s Lists LPPs that are applied but not yet committed or rejected.
lppchk - Verify LPP Integrity
Example What it does
lppchk -c bosext2.dosutil.obj Verifies checksum and length of dosutil.obj.
lppchk -v Checks for missing PTFs or incorrect states.
lppchk -f bos.obj Ensures all files in the specified LPP exist and are correctly sized.
PowerChute UPS Configuration for RS/6000
The RS/6000 system has two serial ports (tty0 or tty1) for connecting an APC UPS.
You need to disable the tty port:
pdisable tty0
Configure using SMIT:
smit tty
Select Change/Show characteristics
Choose the correct port (tty0 or tty1)
Set the baud rate to 2400
Find Command Examples
Command What it does
find / -name jan92.rpt -print Search all file systems for jan92.rpt.
find / -size +1000k -exec ls -l {} \; -print List all files larger than 1MB.
find / -size 0 -print Find all zero-byte files.
find / -user roger -print Find all files owned by user roger.
`find . -perm 600 -print xargs chmod 666`
find / -mtime +100 -print Find files not modified in the last 100 days.
grep Command Examples
Command What it does
grep -i WhereIs * Search for "WhereIs" in all files (case-insensitive).
`lsdev -C grep lp`
grep [0-9][A-Z] *.doc Find .doc files containing a number followed by a capital letter.
grep "^IBM" *.doc Display lines that start with "IBM".
grep "IBM
quot; *.doc Display lines that end with "IBM".
grep -v "^ *quot; testfile > goodfile Remove all blank lines from testfile and save output to goodfile.
head
Displays the first 10 lines (default) of a file.
Example:
head -25 /tmp/phase2.out
(Displays the first 25 lines of the file /tmp/phase2.out.)
id
Displays the system identity of the user.
Example What it does
id Displays the UID and GID of the current user. Example output: uid=0(root) gid=0(system).
id -ru Displays only the UID of the current login process (0 for root).
last
Displays information about previous logins stored in the /usr/adm/wtmp accounting file.
Example What it does
`last reboot head -5`
last roger Shows when user roger logged in and out.
last tty0 Displays login and logout times for port tty0.
login
Initiates a new user session.
Example:
login -h rs6000 root
(Logs into the root account on a machine with the hostname rs6000.)
logout
Terminates all processes on the current session and logs out the user.
Example:
logout
(Logs you out of the system and returns to the login prompt.)
(Note: exit performs the same action as logout.)
lsitab
Lists the contents of the /etc/inittab file.
Example:
lsitab -a
lslicense
Lists the maximum number of users that can log in concurrently.
Example:
lslicense
Output example:
Maximum number of concurrent users: >32
kill
Sends a signal to stop or suspend a running process.
Example:
kill -l
(Displays a list of valid signals to use with the kill command.)
nl
Adds line numbers to the beginning of each line in a file.
Example:
nl /etc/passwd > /tmp/user.list
(Creates a numbered output file /tmp/user.list from /etc/passwd.)
nice
Runs a command at a lower priority.
Higher numbers = lower priority.
Only the super-user (root) can set a higher priority using negative numbers.
Example What it does
nice -n 15 make Runs the make command at low priority (15).
nice -10 /usr/bin/mview Runs the mview application at high priority (-10).
nvdmetoa
Converts EBCDIC files to ASCII.
Example What it does
nvdmetoa <AS400.dat >AIXver3.dat Converts an EBCDIC file from an AS400 system to an ASCII file for AIX.
nvdmetoa 132 <AS400.txt >AIXver3.txt Converts an EBCDIC file with 132 characters per line into an ASCII file with 132 bytes per line + 1 byte for linefeed.
od
Dumps file contents in ASCII, octal, hex, or extended character set.
Example:
od -c /tmp/rc.net.out
(Displays bytes as ASCII characters.)
To check function key control codes:
od -cd
<Press FUNCTION KEY>
<Press SHIFT + FUNCTION KEY>
<Press ALT + FUNCTION KEY>
rmitab
Removes an entry from /etc/inittab.
Example:
rmitab ice
(Removes the ice entry from /etc/inittab.)
sed
Performs stream editing on text files.
Example What it does
sed -e "s/reports/report/" < /tmp/mytest > /tmp/mytest1 Replaces "reports" with "report" in /tmp/mytest.
sed -e 's/ *$//' < SOURCE_FILE > DESTINATION_FILE Removes trailing spaces (not internal spaces) from each line in a file.
sed '/total/d' /tmp/report > /tmp/report1 Deletes all lines containing the word "total".
sed '/^$/d' /tmp/report > /tmp/report1 Deletes all blank lines from a file.
sed 's/[ ]//g' /ibm/report > /tmp/report Removes all tabs from a file.
shutdown
Shuts down the system.
Example What it does
shutdown +0 Shuts down the system immediately.
shutdown -Fr Shuts down and reboots the system.
shutdown -Fm Shuts down into maintenance mode. (Only available from the console.)
split
Splits a large file into smaller files.
Each file will have up to a specified number of lines.
New filenames follow this pattern:
Kopiëren
Bewerken
original_filename_xaa, original_filename_xab, original_filename_xac, etc.
stopsrc
Gracefully stops all System Resource Controller (SRC) subsystems.
Example:
stopsrc -a
strip
Removes the symbol table and debugging information from an executable file, reducing its size.
Example:
strip /usr/bin/uniplex
su
Runs a sub-shell as another user.
Example What it does
su roger Switches to user roger, but does not execute their .profile.
su - root Fully switches to root, loading /etc/environment, /etc/security/user, and .profile.
sum
Displays a checksum for a file.
Used to verify file integrity after transfers.
Example:
sum /unix
tail
Displays the last 10 lines of a file (default).
Example:
tail /tmp/phase2.out
tee
Captures output within a pipeline to a file for later review.
Example:
find . -cpio /dev/fd0 -print | tee /tmp/BACKUP.LOG
(A list of backed-up files is stored in /tmp/BACKUP.LOG.)
telinit
Modifies the system run-level.
Example What it does
telinit q Forces init to re-read /etc/inittab.
telinit 1 Switches to single-user (maintenance) mode (same as init 1).
who
Displays information about logged-in users.
Example What it does
who -b Shows the last reboot timestamp.
who -r Displays the current run-level.
who -u Shows logged-in users with activity timestamps.
who -a /usr/adm/wtmp Shows login history.
Files that keep growing
Periodically, the following files need to be reduced in size. You can use the cat /dev/null command.
Example:
cat /dev/null >/var/adm/sulog
Files:
/var/adm/sulog
/var/adm/cron/log
/var/adm/wtmp
/etc/security/failedlogin
/var/adm/ras/errlog (use errclear with parameters)
System Information
ls -b (list garbage file names in octal)
lscfg (lists installed devices, -v for versions, or -c)
lsgroup (lists user groups)
lsuser (lists users)
lscons (displays the current console tty value)
lsswconfig -a (lists the software catalog)
lsdev -C -c <class> -H (lists devices)
lsattr -l <class> -a <item> -E (for current attributes)
Class values:
tty, printer, tape, disk, adapter, dlc, bus, diskette, if, memory, logical_volume, mouse, port
Setting 132 Columns for HP Laser Printers
If you have trouble setting the column width to 132 columns for text reports, use this fix:
If the default column width does not allow a value greater than 77, you need to edit the file containing the parameter limit.
Edit the file:
/var/spool/lpd/pio/@local/queuename
(Replace queuename with the actual queue name.)
Search for 77 in the file; there will likely be two entries containing {77}.
Change 77 to 132.
Volume Commands
Definitions:
PHYSICAL PARTITION (PP): Smallest unit a PV is divided into (e.g., 4 MB partition size).
LOGICAL PARTITION (LP): One or more PPs. Represents a mirrored copy of a PP. Up to two copies of a PP can be mirrored, resulting in an LP count of three (two mirrors plus original).
LOGICAL VOLUME (LV): One or more PPs. A file system resides on top of an LV. Only one LV is mapped to a file system. An LV cannot span across a VG. Up to 255 LVs in a VG.
VOLUME GROUP (VG): One or more PVs. A collection of PVs that users view as a single oversized PV. A VG can contain any mixture of physical disk types.
PHYSICAL VOLUME (PV): One or more LVs. Represents a hard disk (e.g., hdisk0).
VGDA (Volume Group Descriptor Area): Stores information about all LVs and PVs in a VG.
VGSA (Volume Group Status Area): Stores information about which PPs are stale and which PVs are missing within a VG.
Steps to Re-Import VGs After a System Reinstall
If the system halts with the message performing Auto varyon of Volume Groups on the console:
Press CTRL-C to continue.
Log in as root.
Export all non-root volume groups:
exportvg <VGName>
Shut down and reboot the system:
shutdown -Fr
Re-import non-root volume groups:
importvg -y <VGName> <PVName>
Steps to Replace a Failing PV in a Non-Root VG
Backup all filesystems found on the failing PV:
lspv -l <PV>
Identify how LVs are allocated on the PV:
lslv -m <LV>
Unmount all filesystems on that PV:
umount <FILESYSTEM_NAME>
Remove all LVs found on that PV:
rmlv <LV>
Remove the failing PV from the system:
reducevg <VG> <PV>
Remove the PV entry from the ODM database:
rmdev -l <PV_NAME> -d
Shut down the system:
shutdown -F
Physically replace the failed PV and install a new PV.
Add the new PV to the VG:
extendvg <VG> <PV>
Recreate the removed LVs using a map file:
mklv -y<LV> -m<MAP_FILE> <VG> <PP_NUM> <PV>
Resize the filesystems on the new PV:
mkfs /dev/<LV>
Perform a filesystem check before mounting:
fsck -f /dev/<LV>
Mount all filesystems on that PV:
mount <FILESYSTEM_NAME>
Restore the data from your backup.
Mirroring a Boot Logical Volume
Each hard drive is a potential boot device. The bosboot command creates a bootable image in the BLV (boot logical volume), which is used to boot AIX.
Commands:
Set normal boot device:
bootlist -m normal hdisk0
Set service mode boot devices:
bootlist -m service fd0 rmt0 hdisk0
Create a bootable image in BLV:
bosboot -u -d /dev/hdisk0
To mirror the BLV:
Ensure all copies occupy the same physical partitions on each device.
Use lmigratepp to move partitions and keep them synchronized.
If mirroring, disable quorum checking:
chvg -Qn rootvg
If the system crashes, manually synchronize with:
syncvg -v <VG>
**Files that keep growing** Periodically, the following files need to be reduced in size. You can use the `cat /dev/null` command.
**Example:**
```
cat /dev/null >/var/adm/sulog
```
Files:
- `/var/adm/sulog`
- `/var/adm/cron/log`
- `/var/adm/wtmp`
- `/etc/security/failedlogin`
- `/var/adm/ras/errlog` (use `errclear` with parameters)
---
**System Information**
- `ls -b` (list garbage file names in octal)
- `lscfg` (lists installed devices, `-v` for versions, or `-c`)
- `lsgroup` (lists user groups)
- `lsuser` (lists users)
- `lscons` (displays the current console tty value)
- `lsswconfig -a` (lists the software catalog)
- `lsdev -C -c <class> -H` (lists devices)
- `lsattr -l <class> -a <item> -E` (for current attributes)
**Class values:**
- tty, printer, tape, disk, adapter, dlc, bus, diskette, if, memory, logical_volume, mouse, port
---
**Setting 132 Columns for HP Laser Printers** If you have trouble setting the column width to 132 columns for text reports, use this fix:
1. If the default column width does not allow a value greater than 77, you need to edit the file containing the parameter limit.
2. Edit the file:
```
/var/spool/lpd/pio/@local/queuename
```
_(Replace_ `_queuename_` _with the actual queue name.)_
3. Search for `77` in the file; there will likely be two entries containing `{77}`.
4. Change `77` to `132`.
---
**Volume Commands**
**Definitions:**
- **PHYSICAL PARTITION (PP):** Smallest unit a PV is divided into (e.g., 4 MB partition size).
- **LOGICAL PARTITION (LP):** One or more PPs. Represents a mirrored copy of a PP. Up to two copies of a PP can be mirrored, resulting in an LP count of three (two mirrors plus original).
- **LOGICAL VOLUME (LV):** One or more PPs. A file system resides on top of an LV. Only one LV is mapped to a file system. An LV cannot span across a VG. Up to 255 LVs in a VG.
- **VOLUME GROUP (VG):** One or more PVs. A collection of PVs that users view as a single oversized PV. A VG can contain any mixture of physical disk types.
- **PHYSICAL VOLUME (PV):** One or more LVs. Represents a hard disk (e.g., `hdisk0`).
- **VGDA (Volume Group Descriptor Area):** Stores information about all LVs and PVs in a VG.
- **VGSA (Volume Group Status Area):** Stores information about which PPs are stale and which PVs are missing within a VG.
---
**Steps to Re-Import VGs After a System Reinstall**
1. If the system halts with the message `performing Auto varyon of Volume Groups` on the console:
- Press `CTRL-C` to continue.
- Log in as `root`.
2. Export all non-root volume groups:
```
exportvg <VGName>
```
3. Shut down and reboot the system:
```
shutdown -Fr
```
4. Re-import non-root volume groups:
```
importvg -y <VGName> <PVName>
```
---
**Steps to Replace a Failing PV in a Non-Root VG**
1. Backup all filesystems found on the failing PV:
```
lspv -l <PV>
```
2. Identify how LVs are allocated on the PV:
```
lslv -m <LV>
```
3. Unmount all filesystems on that PV:
```
umount <FILESYSTEM_NAME>
```
4. Remove all LVs found on that PV:
```
rmlv <LV>
```
5. Remove the failing PV from the system:
```
reducevg <VG> <PV>
```
6. Remove the PV entry from the ODM database:
```
rmdev -l <PV_NAME> -d
```
7. Shut down the system:
```
shutdown -F
```
8. Physically replace the failed PV and install a new PV.
9. Add the new PV to the VG:
```
extendvg <VG> <PV>
```
10. Recreate the removed LVs using a map file:
```
mklv -y<LV> -m<MAP_FILE> <VG> <PP_NUM> <PV>
```
11. Resize the filesystems on the new PV:
```
mkfs /dev/<LV>
```
12. Perform a filesystem check before mounting:
```
fsck -f /dev/<LV>
```
13. Mount all filesystems on that PV:
```
mount <FILESYSTEM_NAME>
```
14. Restore the data from your backup.
---
**Mirroring a Boot Logical Volume** Each hard drive is a potential boot device. The `bosboot` command creates a bootable image in the BLV (boot logical volume), which is used to boot AIX.
**Commands:**
- Set normal boot device:
```
bootlist -m normal hdisk0
```
- Set service mode boot devices:
```
bootlist -m service fd0 rmt0 hdisk0
```
- Create a bootable image in BLV:
```
bosboot -u -d /dev/hdisk0
```
To mirror the BLV:
1. Ensure all copies occupy the same physical partitions on each device.
2. Use `lmigratepp` to move partitions and keep them synchronized.
3. If mirroring, disable quorum checking:
```
chvg -Qn rootvg
```
4. If the system crashes, manually synchronize with:
```
syncvg -v <VG>
```
---
**sysdumpdev** Operations performed on the system dump device:
- Turn off the dump device:
```
sysdumpdev -p sysdumpnull
```
- Reactivate the dump device:
```
sysdumpdev -p hd7
```
- Resynchronize the VG information in the ODM:
```
updatevg rootvg
```
lpstat
Displays printer queue status information. First printer listed by lpstat is your default queue. In other words, if no queue name is given when the LP command is executed, then the print job will be submitted to the default printer.
If the lpstat command hangs at a client machine, theres a good chance that the lpd daemon is not running on your print server.
Execute the startsrc -s qdaemon command to start the lpd daemon.
If this daemon fails to start, the lock file /etc/locks/lpd may be preventing this process from successfully starting. Delete this file and rerun startsrc -s qdaemon again.
Example
What it does
lpstat
Displays print queue status
lpstat -t
Displays Print queue status with more detail
lpstat -plaser
Displays print queue status for the queue laser only
lptest
Generates the line printer ripple test pattern
Example
What it does
lptest 80 100 | pr -n
Prints 100 lines of 80 column test pattern to the default print queue - where each line is prefixed with a line number
lsquedev
Lists the name of the printer queue attributes stored in the /etc/qconfig file
Example
What it does
lsquedev -q ibm -d dlp0
List the attributes for the queue ibm associated with the device lp0
lsvirprt
Displays the attributes for a virtual printer or printer queue
Examples
What it does
lsvirprt -qlaser -dlp0
Lists printer queue attributes and their values. The 'q' (queue) and 'd' (device) flags are required.
lsvirprt -qlaser -dlp0 -a _K
Lists the condensed print attribute (_K) for the printer queue laser
lssrc
List the status of a subsystem
Examples
What it does
lssrc -g spooler
Display status of all the spooling daemons
lssrc -a
List status of all subsystems
mkquedev
Create another print queue to the same output device (multiple queues to one print device)
When you submit jobs to these queues remember the qdaemon redirects stdin,stdout, and stderr to the NULL device (/dev/null). If you wish to see any output from your job, you will need to redirect stdout and stderr of that job to a specific file or CRT.
Example
What it does
mkquedev -d ksh1 -q bsh -a backend=/bin/ksh
Creates an additional printer queue to the 'bshdev' device named 'ksh1'.
pr
Paginate a file before printing it via the lp command. Separates files into pages with headers, footer margins and page numbers. It can also produce multicolumn output. Output of this command will default to the screen but is normally redirected to a file or line printer.
Example
What it does
pr -l64 UserGuide.doc | lp
Paginates the UserGuide.doc to 64 lines per page and pipes the output to the system default printer.
qpri
Set the priority of a print job. This command will only work with local print queues. If the job is ranked first in the queue, this command will only work once. If the first ranked job is changed a second time, the priority won't change. Default priority is 15. Use the lpstat -t command to see print queue priority.
Examples
What it does
qpri -#169 -a 4
Lowers the priority of print job 169 to 4 from 15. If there are jobs with higher priority in the same print queue where job 169 resides, they will move ahead.
qpri -#169 -a 20
Raises the priority of print job 169 from 15 to 20. If there are jobs with higher priority in the same print queue where job 169 resides, they will move behind job 169.
startsrc -s qdaemon
This command is used to start the spool daemon named qdaemon. By default, this daemon is started everytime the system reboots.
stopsrc -s qdaemon
This command Will stop the spool qdaemon. If the qdaemon is not running, all jobs submitted to the spooler will be queued. The job number for these print jobs will be marked 'new'. Once the qdaemon is restarted those queued jobs will be given a job number.
Lock Files
Occasion you may get a message lpd: lock file or duplicate daemon. This can be caused if there is a problem with the lpd daemon.
When this happens
Remove the file /etc/locks/lpd. This file should contain the Process ID (PID) for the currently running lpd daemon.
Stop and start the print spooler.
Backup/Restore Commands
Relative vs Absolute Paths
When restoring files backed up with the backup, cpio, or tar commands, find out FIRST whether RELATIVE or ABSOLUTE pathnames were used BEFORE the restore is initiated. We recommend using RELATIVE.
Relative pathnames will have a ./ pre-fixed to their path. These files will be restored relative to the current directory.
Absolute pathnames won't have the ., just the /. These are restored with the full pathname to the exact directory as specified on the archive device.
backup
Command typically used to backup files on an AIX platform. Distribution tapes for AIX are in this format. This command will span across multiple tapes.
Backup by INODE is not recommended because it eliminates the capability to selectively restore files by filename.
If you have more data to backup than can fit on one tape, you will probably want to perform INCREMENTAL backups for files that have been modified within the last 24 hours for each day of the work week, followed by making a complete backup of the system on the weekend.
The error message Volume on /dev/rfd0 is not in backup format is generated when an attempt is made to extract a file NOT created by the backup command:
If your backup was successful, the last item logged by 'backup' is the time the backup finished and the number of 512 byte block that were archived.
Example message of a successful backup:
Backup finished on Sat Aug 1 15:22:34 CDT 1992; there are 8700 blocks on 1 volumes.
Options
What it does
-i
Read standard input
-v
List names of files being backed up
-f
Name of output device (typically de/v/rmt0 for tape drive)
-e
Won't attempt to compress or pack files that are greater than 24 MB.
-q
Won't prompt user to insert tape
-p
Pack data. Backup images by default are NOT packed. If you wish to pack your data, use this option. The restore command has enough intelligence to determine if a backup image is packed or not and take appropriate action
Examples
What it does
find /u -print | backup -ivf/dev/rmt0
Backup the file system /u to tape device using ABSOLUTE pathnames.
find . -print | backup -iepqvf/dev/rmt0 | tee /tmp/BACKUP.LOG
Backup files and directories under current directory (.) using RELATIVE pathnames. The tee (|) will take as input the output of the backup command (filenames being copied) and write them to the log file 'BACKUP.LOG' for later review.
find /faxdata -mtime -1 -type f -print | backup -ivf/dev/rmt0.1
Find any REGULAR files (-type f) that have been modified within the past 24 hours (-mtime -1) and write them to the tape device but don't rewind (/dev/rmt*.1) the tape after backup has finished.
backup -ivqf/dev/fd0
Backup files interactively. Select the file(s) to backup by typing in the file's name. When done, press ^D to finish.
find / -print|backup -icvqf/dev/rmt0-1
If there is more than one tape drive attached to the system, then you can specify a range of devices to the -f flag of the backup command. (/dev/rmt0-1)
compress, uncompress, pack, unpack, zcat
Utilities to compress or expand data. The compress command reduces the size of the named file(s) and renames it with a .Z extension. Compressed files can be restored to their original form using the uncompress command. This utility appears to have a more EFFICENT packing scheme than the PACK/UNPACK commands.
Examples
What it does
compress -v /tmp/junk
File /tmp/junk is compressed and gets renamed to /tmp/junk.Z. -v displays the percentage of file shrinkage
uncompress /tmp/junk.Z
Restores file to original file type and file size and changes the name to /tmp/junk.
1)find . -print | backup -ivqpf /tmp/roger.bck
1) compress /tmp/roger.bck
2) find /tmp/roger.bck.Z -print | backup -ivqf/dev/fd0
The 3 commands will backup the current directory and compress that backup image to a floppy diskette.
3) restore -xvf/dev/fd0
4) uncompress < /tmp/roger.Z | restore -xvf-
Restore the files archived from a floppy diskette. (In this example assume restored file=roger.Z) Uncompress the compressed image and restore this file back to the file system
zcat /tmp/junk.Z > /tmp/junk1
Uncompresses /tmp/junk.Z into /tmp/junk1
find /u/COMPANY -print | xargs pack -f
Packs all the files under the specified directory (/u/COMPANY)
find /u/COMPANY -print | xargs unpack
Unpacks all the files under the specified directory (u/COMPANY)
cpio
Copies files to/from an archive storage device. This command is often used to copy files from UNIX to AIX systems. This command will span across multiple tapes. cpio stands for CoPy Input to Output.
Options
What it does
-c
Writes header information in ascii format for portability across UNIX systems. The message Out of phase--get help is generated when an attempt is made to extract a file not in cpio format OR if the archive tape was written with the -c option. The cpio command doesn't have this option specified when attemping to extract files from the media (eg., cpio -icdumpv < /dev/rmt0)
-r
When restoring will prompt for new path/file to restore to
-v
List the file name as it's being copied
-i
Read from standard input, i.e. keyboard
-u
Copies unconditionally. Older file replaces a newer one. Files with older modification times will replace files with newer modification times.
-d
Creates directories, if applicable
-t
For table of contents
-C1
Performs block I/O in 512 byte blocks, if the block size of the device that wrote the data on the tape was set to 512 bytes. Make sure you read with the same block size. If the block size that the data was written to and about to be read from are two different sizes, this message will be displayed: Cannot read from the specified device
Examples
What it does
5) cd /u/roger
6) find . -print | cpio -ocv > /dev/fd0
Reads file names using the find command and copies to the floppy drive (/dev/fd0).
find . -cpio /dev/fd0 -print
Saves files in current directory and writes this info to floppy. Same command as above except much faster.
7) cd /u/roger
8) cpio -icuvd < /dev/fd0
Restore files and directories saved on the floppy device. These files are restored under the current directory (/u/roger) Only if relative pathnames (./<filename>) were used.
cpio -itvcC1 < /dev/rmt0
List the table of contents from a tape device.
9) cd /u/roger
10) find . -print | cpio -dumpv /u/jerry
Copies all files FROM one directory TO another WITHOUT changing the permissions, owner/group or modification date of the file. Use the following command to verify that all files were copied:
find /u/roger -print | wcfind /u/jerry -print | wc
If the number of files encountered is the same for both directories its safe to assume that the directories are identical. NOTE: that the number of blocks allocated to the SOURCE directory (/u/roger) may be larger than the DESTINATION directory (/u/jerry), since compaction of the directory structure will have occurred at the destination end.
cpio -imv /home/roger/.profile < /dev/fd0
Selectively restore the /home/roger/.profile file from floppy
cpio -i "*.f" "*.c" </dev/fd0
Selectively restore only the *.f and *.c files from floppy
dd
Converts/copies files to/from an output device. DD stands for Data Dump. This command will NOT span across multiple tapes. Common utility found on most versions of UNIX.
Examples
What it does
dd if=/dev/rmt0 bs=512k | cpio -icdmv
Reads the files off the tape device faster because of the blocking factor (bs=blocksize of 512K or cache upto 1/2 MB at a time)
dd if=rs6000.data of=/dev/rmt0.4 bs=1024 conv=ebcdic
Copies the data from the input file (if=rs6000.dat) to the output tape device (/dev/rmt0). The rmt*.4 device extension means output is written in 1600 bpi format. This creates an EBCDIC low density tape, resulting in a 1024 byte blocked non-labeled file. To extract this file on the AS/400, create a physical file with a record length of 1024 bytes. Use the CPYFRMTAP command to copy the file. NOTE: When copying data from an EBCDIC machine, make sure your BLOCK SIZE is set to 0 on the tape device
dd if=unixfile.txt of=DOSFILE.TXT conv=ucase
Copies the data from the input file (if=unixfile.txt) to output name (of=DOSFILE.TXT) and converts the source data to UPPERCASE characters.
tar -cvf- /u/roger | dd of=/dev/rmt0 bs=1024k
Copies the ABSOLUTE path /u/roger using the tar utility. To speed this process up, these files are piped to the dd utility using a cache buffer size of 1 MB.
dd if=/dev/rhdisk0 of=/dev/rhdisk1 bs=5120b
Copies the raw physical volume named hdisk0 to the raw physical volume named hdisk1. This represents a copy disk utility.
dd if=/dev/rmt0 of=/tmp/ascii_file conv=swab
Copies the data from the tape device (if=/dev/rmt0) and creates an output file (/tmp/ascii_file) - which is BYTE swapped (conv=swab) as it is being written out. This needs to be done if your copying ascii files from a System V Unix machine (unisys to the RS/6000)
dd if=/dev/rmt0.1 of=/tmp/data1 cbs=242 ibs=3240 conv=sync,unblock
Useful when reading an ASCII file that is NOT delimited by a NL character.
dd if=/dev/rmt0.1 of=/tmp/data1 cbs=147 ibs=2940 conv=ascii
Will read a record size of 147 bytes, a block size of 2940 bytes, and convert the output to an ASCII file.
mksysb
High-level shell command for backing up mounted file systems in the rootvg volume group. mkszfile -f must be called prior to mksysb in order to create the /.fs.size file that mksysb uses to determine which files will be backed up.
8MM TAPE DEVICE
An 8mm tape drive is the preferred method of backing up your system because that tape can be used to recreate the rootvg image if one or more physical volumes fail. Each of the file systems MUST have at least 500 blocks free when the mksysb backup is made. The system will need some work space in each file system when it is installing from a mksysb backup.
To utilize the full 2.3 gb tape capacity...
Set the blocksize to 1024
Edit the /usr/lpp/bosinst/diskette/startup2 file
Change the following line from 512 to 1024. /etc/methods/chggen -a rmt0 -a block_size=1024
Create a new install/maint diskette
MKSYSB can create a BOOTABLE tape. Further, the data is archived in TAR format. In order to look at the names of files backed up by this command, perform the following:
tctl -f/dev/rmt1.1 fsf 3
tar -tvf/devrmt1.1
Example: mkszfile -f && mksysb /dev/rmt0
-f forces extending the /usr or /tmp file system if not enough working space (8 MB) exists. This command should ALWAYS succeed unless a tape has not been inserted into the archive device (eg., rmt0), or the tape is either write-protected or has defective media.
restore
Retrieve information from archive device created with the backup command. Default device is /dev/fd0. This command will read a backup image spread across multiple tapes.
Examples
What it does
restore -Tvf/dev/rmt0
-T=table of contents, -v=list the file name being copied, -f=name of output device. Will list the tape's table of contents. If you forget to label the tape with the date that the tape was made, use this command to report back the date this archive was created.
restore -xvf/dev/rmt0 ./usr/tmp/My*
Restores all files that start with "My" from the /usr/tmp directory
restore -xdvf/dev/rmt0 ./usr/tmp
Restores the directory named /usr/tmp from tape device
restore -xvf/dev/rmt0
Restores all the files located on the tape device that were backed up using the backup command.
restore -xvf/dev/rmt0 ./tmp/TestFile
-x=extract data from output device. Restores only the file named ./tmp/TestFile from the tape device. If the subdirectory /tmp doesn't exist in the current directory, then that subdirectory will be made prior to restoring 'TestFile'.
11) tctl -f/dev/rmt0 rewind
12) restore -s1 -Tvf/dev/rmt0.1
13) restore -s1 -Tvf/dev/rmt0.1
14. Rewind to the beginning of tape. 2. Review files on FIRST backup image. 3. Review files on SECOND backup image)
Displays the table of contents for multiple backup images. s1=specifies that multiple backups are on the tape and that the restore command skips to the backup specified by the number associated with the 's' option. The 0.1 for the output device (-f flag) means that once the tape has been read, it will not rewind. If only the second backup image was needed, could have just typed in: restore -s2 -Tvf/dev/rmt0.1
15) tctl -f/dev/rmt0.1 fsf 3
16) restore -xvqf/dev/rmt0.1 ./unix
If by chance the ./unix file was deleted, go back to your install tape and extract the file that needs to be restored. The first three images on the tape are BOSBOOT, INSTALL/MAINT, followed by the TOC (table of contents) image.
restbyname -xvqf/dev/fd0 -Z /tmp/DISK.LIST
Selectively restore ONLY those files listed in file /tmp/DISK.LIS
tapechk
Performs consistency checks on a tape device. Primarily used to check tapes written in backup format.
Example: tapechk 2 ( Checks the first 2 files found on the tape device.)
tar
Probably the easiest command to use when transferring files from one UNIX system to another. This command will NOT span across multiple tapes. Tar stands for Tape ARchiver.
When using this command while performing a SELECTIVE restore from a tape device (eg;., tar -xvf/dev/rmt0 ./etc/motd), the tar command will continue to run until the end of tape is encountered, even after the file has been found. The error message tar: directory checksum error (0 != 12345) Tar is an older utility than cpio or backup/restore is generated when an attempt is made to extract a file that is NOT in tar format.
Options
What it does
-c
Writes (creates) files (appends to archive device)
-x
Extract (read) files from archive device
-v
Verbose mode (displays names)
-f
Device name to use
Examples
What it does
tar -cvf- * | dd of=/dev/rmt0 bs=128k
Copies all the files and subdirectories from the current directory and pipes the output to the dd command for faster archiving.
dd if=/dev/rmt0 bs=128k | tar -xvf-
Use the dd command to read the tape device for faster archiving and pipe the output to the tar command to restore the archived files.
tar -tvf/dev/rmt0
List the table of contents of the tape device.
tar -cvf/dev/rmt0 /u/jones
Copies the jones account to the archive device named /dev/rmt0.
tar -xvf/dev/rmt0 tmp/newdata /tmp/olddata
Selectively copies ONLY the newdata and olddata directories from the tape to the current directory.
tar -cvf- * | xargs compress -v > /tmp/tar.Z
Copies all the files from the current directory and compresses them into the file named tar.Z.
tcopy
Copies from one magnetic tape device to another. This command will work for copying multiple backup images from one media type to another. It will continue to copy until two end-of-tape marks are encountered.
Examples
What it does
tcopy /dev/rmt0
Displays ALL the backup images and their size for the tape your currently viewing.
tcopy /dev/rmt0 /dev/rmt1
Copies all the data from one media type to another until two end of tape marks are encountered. In the example above, rmt0 could be a 8mm device and rmt1 may be a 1/4" tape device. If the error message: tcopy: Cannot open /dev/rmt?' is displayed, make sure the destination device is not write-protected.
tctl
Command used to fast forward a tape device (Tape ConTroL).
Examples
What it does
tctl -f/dev/rmt0 rewind
Rewind the tape device.
tctl -f/dev/rmt0.1 fsf
Move tape forward to the second tape mark. The .1 on the rmt0 device instructs the device NOT to rewind after performing the command. Use this command to skip past unwanted tape images - assumming there are multiple archive images on the tape to skip past.
tctl -f/dev/rmt0 retension
Moves the tape to the beginning, end, and back to the beginning again. Used to retension the tape when encountering multiple read errors on restore operations.
Backup files from a remote computer
The local host MUST be included in remote's hosts /etc/hosts.equiv file. The local host and user name MUST be included in the $HOME/.rhosts file at the user account at the remote machine.
Examples
What it does
rsh lanai -l roger "dd if=/dev/rmt0" | tar -xvf-
Restores files FROM a remote tape drive on a host named 'lanai'
tar -cvf- * | rsh lanai -l roger "dd of=/dev/rmt0 bs=64k conv=block"
The tar command will write it's output to the rsh command which pipes the data to the remote host (lanai) and the tape drive (/dev/rmt0). Specify -l <UserName> if the local user is different from the remote user.
tar -cvf- * | rexec lanai " dd of=/dev/fd0 bs=4096"
Uses the floppy drive device on node lanai to store files in tar format.
Commando’s Unix
man = manual (opvragen handleiding bij een commando)
df –sk = opvragen van de vrije ruimte van de hd
realdir = het absolute pad
du –sk = opvragen grote van een specifieke dir die je opgeeft
mkdir = aanmaken directory
rmdir = verwijderen directory
rm –r [directorynaam] = verwijderden directory
tar –tvf /dev/rmt0 –N 800 = geeft uitvoer van bestanden op tape
tar –cvf /dev/rmt0 –N 800 [bestandsnaam] = bestanden op tape zette
tar –xvpf /dev/rmt0 –N 800 [bestandsnaam] = bestanden terug laden van tape
mt –f /dev/rmt0 rewind = terugspoelen van de tape
mt –f /devrmt0.1 fsf 1 = het zetten van de juiste file system van de tape
lscfg –vl rmt0 = gegevens van de tape unit opvragen
lpstat –a [queuenaam] = status van de queue
lsallq / lsallq |grep [queuenaam] = opvragen van alle queue op het systeem
enable [queuenaam] = queue vrijgeven
disable [queuenaam] = queue down brengen
cancel [queuenaam] = verwijderen van de taken in de queue
cancel [taaknummer] [queuenaam] = verwijderen van 1 of meerdere specifieke taken
su – [username] = simulate user
find (find . –name [bestandsnaam] –print) = zoeken van bestanden
errpt = error report van server
errpt –a = gespecificeerde error report
crontab –l = lijst
crontab –e = vi mode
Acs herstarten op de p omgeving: psef acs | awk '{print$2}' | grep -v PID | xargs kill -9;/p/cqcs/acs p/prog/system/acs.cfg;psef acs
Alle filesystem aktiviteiten monitoren door te tracen met output naar /tmp/filemon.log: filemon -o /tmp/filemon.log -O all:
Aantal in *Project ingelogte gebruikers: ps -ef|grep -v "0:00"|grep -v tved|grep –v PID|grep csrun|wc -l
Aantal processoren: lscfg -vp |grep proc |wc -l
Actieve csruns op AIX: ps -ef|grep -v "0:00"| grep –v PID|grep csrun|sort -k 7|pg’
Actieve csruns op AIX maar dan de 10 drukste: ps -ef|grep -v "0:00"| grep –v PID|grep csrun|sort -k 7|pg’ | tail -10
AIXDump tape uitlezen: restore -s4 -qTvf /dev/rmt0.1
Alle extenties van files in een map weghalen bijv. .txt: ls |grep txt | sed 's/\(.*\).txt$/mv "&" "\1"/'|sh
Alle processen van 1 gebruiker killen: ps -u [user-id] -o pid | grep -v PID | xargs kill -9
Alle processen van alle gebruikers killen behalve de taakverwerkers: psef csrun | grep -v root | grep -v PID | grep -v tved | awk '{print$2}' | xargs kill -9
Asynchrone i/o setting voor AIX: /usr/sbin/lsattr -El aio0
Attributes weergeven van een virtuele printer: lsvirpt -qqueue -ddevice -s__HTP
Bestanden zoeken zonder owner of group: find / -fstype jfs \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -ls
Check of NFS aktief is: lssrc -a | egrep nfs
Check welke Spoolers aktief zijn: lssrc -g spooler
Cpu snelheid op AIX 5.2: prtconf –s
Crontab Job om de 15 minuten van 7 tot 18u zonder output: 0,15,30,45 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 * * 1,2,3,4,5 shit hier 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null
Data van een dir inpakken: tar -cvf- * | xargs compress -v > naam.Z
Datum laatste tapeclean: /usr/lpp/diagnostics/bin/utape
Defuncts vinden en automatisch killen: ps -aekl | grep defunct | awk '{print $5}' | xargs kill -9
Disks boven 80% gebruik: df -k | perl -lne 'print if (split)[3] > 80' | awk '{print $4,"\t",$7}’
Extenties wijzigen van .txt naar .doc bij meerdere bestanden tegelijk: ls -1 | grep '\.txt