# <u>Fuel Mix</u> Below are definitions of the different fuel mixture methods employed in lampworking torches. ![[4 - Definitions#Pre-Mix Torch]] These flames work best for small, detailed work. The velocity of this flame type can make working more difficult with some colors prone to boiling/burning. Pre-mix torches can be very loud and cause 'POP' sounds. [[4 - Definitions#Flashback|Flashback]] is a greater risk with pre-mix torches. Pre-mix torch flames are typically used in hand torches, Top-mount torches for the Nortel Major/minor and in the center fire or the Carlisle CC series. ![[4 - Definitions#Surface Mix Torch]] Surface mixing is the most commonly used method in torch design. These flames which work well for [[4 - Definitions#Borosilicate Glass|borosilicate]] or [[4 - Definitions#Soda-lime Glass|soda-lime]] glass. They are often more quiet compared to others. Most GTT torches use a controllable secondary injection of oxygen into the fuel. Moving forward this will be referred to as 'Triple Surface Mix'. This method gives added control to flame chemistry and composition at the expense of added complexity and cost. # <u>One Or More Stages</u> Multiple stages give a torch wider range between small and large flames. Most torches have a set of manual fuel and oxygen valves for each stage. Herbert Arnold Zenit models allow for transitions between stages and flame size with a single knob. Single stage torches tend to be the most simple and thus cheapest options. These torches are best for small work. Additional stages increase flame size, oxygen consumption, and work size. Some torches provide individual barbs/connections for each stage. This can be useful as it allows you to connect each stage to a difference source of oxygen. (Centerfire to concentrator, Outerfire to tank oxy.) # <u>Hand Torches</u> TODO # <u>Bunsen Burners</u> TODO # <u>Manufacturers</u> Each manufacturer has its own up sides and down sides. The section below is a broad, high level generalization of qualities across each brand's offerings. ### GTT: ##### Pros: - Hot, sharp flames. - Triple mix oxy/fuel. - Most popularly used. - Also produce hand torch version of each bench torch. - Oxygen efficient. ##### Cons: - Delicate construction. - Damaged due to improper flame setting. --- ### Nortel: ##### Pros: - Flexible configurations. - Solid construction. - Inexpensive. ##### Cons: - Oxygen inefficient. --- ### Bethlehem: ##### Pros: - Solid construction. - Oxygen efficient . - Soft flames. ##### Cons: - Slow to heat thick glass. --- ### Carlisle: ##### Pros: - Flexible configurations. - Very solid construction. - Hot, sharp flames. - Pre-mix centerfire . ##### Cons: - Loud operation. - May require water cooling. - Require lots of oxygen. --- ### National: ##### Pros: - Cheapest option. - Flexible configuration. - Interchangeable torch tips. ##### Cons: - Small flames. - Typically hand torches. --- ### Herbert Arnold: ##### Pros: - Silent operation. - Stable, soft flames. - Wide range of flame size. - Zenit models are single-knob adjustable. ##### Cons: - Expensive. - Requires pressure reducer. --- ### Knight: ##### Pros: - Hydrogen, propane, or natural gas options. - Solid construction. ##### Cons: - Some models can not produce small, sharp flames. - Require lots of oxygen. - Less commonly used. --- # <u>Bench Torches</u> ## <u>Price Points</u> ### $200-$900 Generally single stage torches that can be run on one or two oxygen concentrators. <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Torch</th> <th scope="col">Fuel Mix</th> <th scope="col">Oxygen</th> <th scope="col">Gas</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.abrimagery.com/GTT-Cricket-Bench-Torch" >Nortel Mega Minor</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td ><nobr>8 lpm @ 5-15 psi</nobr></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.nortelglass.com/major/">Nortel Major</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >43 lpm @ 8-24 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.nortelglass.com/red-max/">Nortel Rex Max</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-mix</td> <td >45 lpm@ 8-24 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.abrimagery.com/GTT-Cricket-Bench-Torch">GTT Cricket</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >5.5 lpm @ 5-10 psi</td> <td><nobr>1 lpm @ .25-5 psi</nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/bobcat">GTT Bobcat</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>8.5 lpm @ 5-10 psi</td> <td>1 lpm @ .25-5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/lynx">GTT Lynx</a></th> <td>Triple Surface Mix</td> <td>9.5 lpm @ 10-15 psi</td> <td>1.5 lpm @ 5-8 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/cheetah">GTT Cheetah</a></th> <td><nobr>Triple Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td>13 lpm @ 20-25 psi</td> <td>2.5 lpm @ 5-8 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://downloads.arnold-gruppe.de/ARNOLD%20Burners.pdf?#page=34"><nobr>Herbert Arnold Small Arni</nobr></a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>14 psi</td> <td>.72 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/alpha">Bethlehem Alpha</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>10 lpm @ 8-20 psi</td> <td>3 lpm @ 2-5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/star">Bethlehem Star</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>20 lpm @ 8-20 psi</td> <td>5 lpm @ 2-5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/stacks">Bethlehem Stack</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>10-30 lpm @ 8-20 psi</td> <td>3 lpm @ 2-5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://carlislemachine.com/as_benchburners/wildcat.php">Carlisle Wildcat</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>15 lpm @ 5 psi</td> <td>3 lpm @ 2 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://nationaltorch.com/?page_id=321">National 3B</a></th> <td>Pre-mix</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://nationaltorch.com/?page_id=347">National 6B</a></th> <td>Pre-mix</td> <td>4-20 lpm</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://nationaltorch.com/?page_id=352">National 8M</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-mix</td> <td>4-20 lpm</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ### $900 - $2000 Generally two stage torches requiring compressed oxygen. <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Torch</th> <th scope="col">Fuel Mix</th> <th scope="col">Oxygen</th> <th scope="col">Gas</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.nortelglass.com/rocket/">Nortel Red Rocket</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td ></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/phantom">GTT Phantom</a></th> <td><nobr>Triple Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr>16.5 lpm @ 30 psi</nobr></td> <td><nobr>5.5 lpm @ 10 psi</nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/bravo">Bethlehem Bravo</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >30 lpm @ 8-20 psi</td> <td>6 lpm @ 2-5psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/champion">Bethlehem Champion</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >40 lpm @ 8-20 lpm</td> <td>8 lpm @ 5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://carlislemachine.com/as_benchburners/hellcat.php">Carlisle Hellcat</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >21 lpm @ 5 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://carlislemachine.com/as_benchburners/cc.php">Carlisle CC</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-Mix</td> <td >151 lpm @ 10-20 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://downloads.arnold-gruppe.de/ARNOLD%20Burners.pdf?#page=34">Herbert Arnold Big Arni</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td>14 psi</td> <td>.72 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.abrimagery.com/Knight-Bullet-Burner">Knight Bullet Burner</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >10 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://www.nmknight.com/PDF/KB-101-102.pdf">Knight Dragon Fire</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-mix</td> <td >85 lpm @ 10 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ### >$2000 Generally three or more stage torches requiring high volumes of compressed oxygen. <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Torch</th> <th scope="col">Fuel Mix</th> <th scope="col">Oxygen</th> <th scope="col">Gas</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/mirage"><nobr>GTT Mirage</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Triple Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr>26 lpm @ 35 psi</nobr></td> <td><nobr>8.5 lpm @ 10 psi</nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/delta-elite">GTT Delta Elite</a></th> <td>Triple Surface Mix</td> <td >30 lpm @ 35 psi</td> <td>9.5 lpm @ 10 psi</td> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/kobuki">GTT Kobuki</a></th> <td>Triple Surface Mix</td> <td >33 lpm @ 40 psi</td> <td>12 lpm @ 10 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/delta-mag">GTT Delta Mag</a></th> <td>Triple Surface Mix</td> <td >115 lpm @ 80 psi</td> <td>20 lpm @ 20 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://downloads.arnold-gruppe.de/ARNOLD%20Burners.pdf?#page=22">Herbert Arnold Zenit 40mm</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >67 lpm @ 14 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://downloads.arnold-gruppe.de/ARNOLD%20Burners.pdf?#page=22">Herbert Arnold Zenit 50mm</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >90 lpm @ 29 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://downloads.arnold-gruppe.de/ARNOLD%20Burners.pdf?#page=22">Herbert Arnold Zenit 65mm</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >146 lpm @ 40 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.bethlehemburners.com/torches/grand">Bethlehem Grand</a></th> <td>Surface Mix</td> <td >60 lpm @ 8-20 psi</td> <td>12 lpm @ 5 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://carlislemachine.com/as_benchburners/ccplus.php">Carlisle CC+</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-Mix</td> <td >300 lpm @ 10-20 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://carlislemachine.com/as_benchburners/ccplusplus.php">Carlisle CC++</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-Mix</td> <td >300 lpm @ 10-20 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://www.nmknight.com/PDF/KB-101-1.pdf">Knight Dragon Master</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-Mix</td> <td >156 lpm @ 20 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="http://www.nmknight.com/PDF/KB-102-1.pdf">Knight Dragon Slayer</a></th> <td>Surface Mix / Pre-Mix</td> <td >319 lpm @ 20 psi</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> # <u>Hand Torches</u> <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Torch</th> <th scope="col">Fuel Mix</th> <th scope="col">Oxygen</th> <th scope="col">Gas</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>Gentech Mini Torch</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Pre-Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>National 3B-B</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Pre-Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>National 7-S</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>Smith Little Torch</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Pre-Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>Nortel Mega Minor</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>Nortel Ranger</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href=""><nobr>GTT Yellowjacket</nobr></a></th> <td><nobr>Pre-Mix</nobr></td> <td ><nobr></nobr></td> <td><nobr></nobr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/lynx">GTT Lynx</a></th> <td>Triple Surface Mix</td> <td>9.5 lpm @ 10-15 psi</td> <td>1.5 lpm @ 5-8 psi</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://www.glasstorchtech.com/cheetah">GTT Cheetah</a></th> <td><nobr>Triple Surface Mix</nobr></td> <td>13 lpm @ 20-25 psi</td> <td>2.5 lpm @ 5-8 psi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> # <u>Bunsen Burners</u> TODO