Developing list of articles outlining different types of [[Ecosystem Services]]. The total [estimate](https://www.nature.com/articles/387253a0.epdf?sharing_token=6b_aQr53CoQWICFSkmKNV9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0ObPuZcAKgfky6sGEcqVzesNfG0gpoXYOtcfmQrujnIbaiegqhUGMtL62W_7C3FJs2GdRUSSccgwiIidJNiGp8E-PcS53XJ8DYloUN85VYpuHhP8iTYZZx97UJcWHYwZIzQOT5thjxqB6PhZfaAzpMHIrnJ33gw09PP3R-DDaxdBtCMVQSWfpqNZ7UevbNFjpwSTHV_VZ0NWLLVfX8N-culSCti0GlG1MvqvqK7-JeUKVWoIIB6n4SAbwm8Bhr8vS0tySdKEsIHB_PoDO_15XGQovQvU_Xig6p5kcV1dWHx_g%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=amp.theguardian.com) worldwide for all ecosystem services is around $33 trillion. - Mangroves are estimated to provide approximately $1.65 billion world-wide annually[^1] in the form of habitat, waste processing, food production, and recreation[^2], along with supporting the life-cycle of commercially important pelagic species[^3]. Fishery yields are positively correlated to the local abundance of mangroves, at an estimated $37,500 per hectare along the fringe.[^4] - As one of the first spring flowers, dandelions are an important source of early nourishment for many creatures including bees, beetles, [[Butterfly|butterflies]], and [[Birds]] such as sparrows and goldfinches. They have [useful herbal properties](https://www.mofga.org/resources/weeds/ten-things-you-might-not-know-about-dandelions/) as [[medicine]] to heal upset stomachs, asthma, and skin conditions. The young leaves are rich in vitamins and antioxidants, and the flowers can be turned into wine, while the roots can be roasted and steeped as a [coffee alternative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_coffee). - One forest [[Elephants|elephant]] provides [$1.75 million worth of services](https://amp.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/28/how-much-is-an-elephant-worth-meet-the-ecologists-doing-the-sums-aoe) annually. - A number of European cities use [clams](https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011026/https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/01/21/how-clams-help-keep-polish-water-clean?frsc=dg%7Ce) to monitor their freshwater systems. - The fire cycle is critical to [reproduction](https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/giant-sequoia-needs-fire-grow/15094/ ) of giant Sequoias. [[Payments For Ecosystem Services]] [[River-Wetland Corridors]] [[Whales]] [[defaunation reduces plants’ capacity to track climate change]] [^1]: Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., ... & Van Den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. _nature_, _387_(6630), 253-260. [^2]: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). _Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water_. World Resources Institute. Chicago [^3]: Rönnbäck, P. (1999). The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems. _Ecological economics_, _29_(2), 235-252. [^4]: Aburto-Oropeza, O., Ezcurra, E., Danemann, G., Valdez, V., Murray, J., & Sala, E. (2008). Mangroves in the Gulf of California increase fishery yields. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_, _105_(30), 10456-10459. Chicago