%% ### ==Todo== - [ ] Add from [[Psych]], chapter 4 - [ ] Also add to classical and instrumental conditioning notes - [ ] Skim [this paper](https://psyarxiv.com/82nqj/) - [ ] Seel (2012): Neuropsychology of learning %% Associative learning involves learning the association or **relationship between two stimuli or events** that occur together and a **change in behavior as a result** (Lieberman, 2021; Seel, 2012). Through associative learning, organisms learn the contingency relationships between events in their environment (Seel, 2012). This is in contrast with [[Nonassociative learning involves a change in behavior as a result of exposure to a single stimulus|nonassociative learning]], in which exposure to a stimulus on its own changes the organism's reaction to that stimulus (Polk, 2018). Associative learning is a form of [[Implicit learning is characterized by more unconscious and unintentional operations|implicit learning]]. The figure below (Lieberman, 2021, p. 30) shows the different **varieties of associative learning**. In brief: 1. Associative learning involves the detection of a relationship between two events ($E_1$ and $E_2$). 2. These events can either be responses ($R$; a behavior) or stimuli ($S$). 3. The stimuli can either be positive/pleasant ($S^{POS}$) or negative/unpleasant ($S^{NEG}$). ![[Pasted image 20230216074505.png]] Associative learning includes both [[Classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning involves learning the relationship between two stimuli|classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning]] and [[Instrumental (or operant) conditioning involves learning the relationship between a response and the consequence that follows it|instrumental (or operant) conditioning]]: - **Classical conditioning** involves learning the relationship between two stimuli. - **Instrumental conditioning** (reinforcement and punishment) involves learning the relationship between a response and the consequence that follows it. Associative learning is an important component of **adaptive behavior** — it allows organisms to [[Prediction beats reaction|anticipate an event]] on the basis of another (Seel, 2012). Classical conditioning is about learning the **predictive relationship** between stimuli — i.e., what stimulus leads to what other stimulus in the environment. Instrumental conditioning is about learning the predictive relationship between an organism's voluntary behavior and the consequences of that behavior. Both processes allow an organism to **learn important adaptive information about its environment** and **change its behavior accordingly** to increases its chances of [[Organisms have evolved to maximize their chances of survival and reproduction|survival and procreation]]. --- Created: [[2022-12-19]] Type: #permanent Topics: [[Learning (Index)]] Related notes: - [[What are the different types of learning?]] - [[Implicit learning is characterized by more unconscious and unintentional operations]] - [[Nonassociative learning involves a change in behavior as a result of exposure to a single stimulus]] - [[Procedural learning is about the ability to carry out a sequence of operations]]