Here’s a chronological list of major decentralized civil resistance movements, with dates, locations, and brief overviews: --- ### 1. **Gandhian Movement for Indian Independence** (1920s-1947, India) - A nonviolent resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi against British colonial rule, using tactics like boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience to gain India’s independence. ### 2. **Civil Rights Movement** (1950s-1968, United States) - Led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr., this movement used nonviolent protests, sit-ins, and marches to combat racial segregation and discrimination. ### 3. **May 1968 Protests** (1968, France) - Student and worker-led protests against capitalist policies, authoritarianism, and traditional societal norms that led to massive strikes and political upheaval. ### 4. **People Power Revolution** (1986, Philippines) - A nonviolent movement that used mass demonstrations and civil disobedience to overthrow the authoritarian regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. ### 5. **Democracy Movement** (1989, China) - Centered around Tiananmen Square, this movement saw students and citizens protest for political reforms and freedoms, resulting in a violent crackdown by the government. ### 6. **Anti-Apartheid Movement** (1980s-1994, South Africa) - This global civil resistance effort aimed to dismantle apartheid through boycotts, divestment, sanctions, and internal protests, culminating in the election of Nelson Mandela. ### 7. **Otpor! Movement** (2000, Serbia) - A youth-led, nonviolent movement that played a crucial role in ousting Serbian dictator Slobodan Milošević through satire, street protests, and decentralized organizing. ### 8. **Rose Revolution** (2003, Georgia) - Mass protests over rigged parliamentary elections that eventually led to the peaceful resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze. ### 9. **Orange Revolution** (2004-2005, Ukraine) - Nonviolent protests and sit-ins in response to electoral fraud, leading to a re-run of Ukraine’s presidential election and the victory of the opposition. ### 10. **Cedar Revolution** (2005, Lebanon) - A series of demonstrations that led to the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon after nearly 30 years of occupation. ### 11. **Saffron Revolution** (2007, Myanmar) - A series of protests, led by monks and students, against government-imposed price hikes, met with violent repression by the military regime. ### 12. **Green Movement** (2009, Iran) - Protests sparked by allegations of electoral fraud in the presidential election, with demonstrators calling for greater political freedoms and transparency. ### 13. **Arab Spring** (2010-2012, Multiple countries in the Arab World) - A wave of protests, uprisings, and revolutions across North Africa and the Middle East demanding political reforms, democracy, and an end to corruption. ![[Pasted image 20241226233348.png]] ### 14. **Occupy Movement** (2011, Global) - Originating as Occupy Wall Street in New York City, this movement spread worldwide, using occupation tactics to protest economic inequality and corporate influence in politics. ![[Pasted image 20241226233511.png]] ### 15. **Gezi Park Protests** (2013, Turkey) - Sparked by plans to demolish Istanbul’s Gezi Park, this movement evolved into a larger protest against authoritarianism and curbs on freedoms under President Erdoğan. ![[Pasted image 20241226233657.png]] ### 16. **Euromaidan** (2013-2014, Ukraine) - Pro-European Union demonstrations that escalated into a movement demanding governmental reforms, ultimately leading to the ousting of President Viktor Yanukovych. ![[Pasted image 20241226233737.png]] ### 17. **Sunflower Movement** (2014, Taiwan) - A student-led occupation of Taiwan’s legislature in protest of a trade agreement with China, which activists argued would harm Taiwan’s sovereignty. ![[Pasted image 20241226233904.png]] ### 18. **Umbrella Movement** (2014, Hong Kong) - Pro-democracy protests advocating for free elections and resisting China’s control, marked by the use of umbrellas as symbols against tear gas and rain. ![[Pasted image 20241226233956.png]] ### 19. **Yellow Vest Movement** (2018-2020, France) - Nationwide protests against fuel taxes and economic inequality, marked by decentralized organization and widespread use of social media to mobilize participants. ![[Pasted image 20241226234104.png]] ### 20. **Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement** (2019, Hong Kong) - A mass movement opposing a proposed law allowing extradition to mainland China, escalating into broader demands for democracy and police accountability. ### 21. **Black Lives Matter** (2013, United States, with global resurgence in 2020) - A decentralized movement addressing systemic racism and police violence against Black people, amplified after the killing of George Floyd in 2020. ### 22. **Water Is Life / NoDAPL Protests** (2016-2017, United States) - Indigenous-led protests against the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock, emphasizing environmental protection, water rights, and Indigenous sovereignty. ### 23. **End SARS** (2020, Nigeria) - A youth-led movement against police brutality and human rights abuses by Nigeria’s Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), demanding accountability and reform. ### 24. **Farmers' Protest** (2020-2021, India) - A massive protest by farmers against agricultural reform laws, highlighting fears of corporate exploitation and threats to their livelihoods. ### 25. **Myanmar Anti-Coup Protests** (2021, Myanmar) - Following a military coup, citizens engaged in strikes, civil disobedience, and protests demanding the restoration of democratic governance. ### 26. **Iranian Protests** (2022, Iran) - Triggered by the death of Mahsa Amini in police custody, protests across Iran demanded women’s rights and an end to government repression, becoming the largest anti-regime movement since the 1979 revolution. --- Each of these movements reflects unique cultural and political contexts but shares decentralized organization, innovative resistance tactics, and the commitment of people willing to challenge power for their rights. Here's a chronological list of major decentralized, social media-driven civil resistance movements from 2011 to 2025, with dates, countries, hashtags, and a brief overview: --- ### 1. **Occupy Wall Street / Occupy Movement** (2011, Global) - **Hashtags:** #OccupyWallStreet, #WeAreThe99 - Beginning as a protest in New York City, this movement spread worldwide to highlight economic inequality and corporate influence in politics, using occupations of public spaces as a key tactic. ### 2. **Gezi Park Protests** (2013, Turkey) - **Hashtags:** #OccupyGezi, #DirenGezi - What began as a protest against the demolition of Gezi Park in Istanbul evolved into a larger movement against authoritarianism and restrictions on freedom of expression under President Erdoğan. ### 3. **Black Lives Matter (BLM)** (2013, United States, global resurgence in 2020) - **Hashtags:** #BlackLivesMatter, #SayHerName, #DefundThePolice - Founded to address police brutality and systemic racism against Black people, BLM became a worldwide movement after the 2020 killing of George Floyd, sparking widespread protests and calls for reform. ### 4. **Euromaidan** (2013-2014, Ukraine) - **Hashtags:** #Euromaidan, #UkraineProtests - Initially a pro-European Union movement, Euromaidan expanded into a fight for governmental transparency and reform, culminating in the ousting of President Viktor Yanukovych. ### 5. **Sunflower Movement** (2014, Taiwan) - **Hashtags:** #SunflowerMovement - Taiwanese students and activists occupied the legislature to protest a trade agreement with China, arguing it would compromise Taiwan’s sovereignty. ### 6. **Umbrella Movement** (2014, Hong Kong) - **Hashtags:** #UmbrellaMovement, #OccupyHK - Pro-democracy protests demanding free elections in Hong Kong, with umbrellas becoming symbols of resistance against tear gas used by authorities. ### 7. **#BringBackOurGirls** (2014, Nigeria) - **Hashtags:** #BringBackOurGirls - After the kidnapping of schoolgirls by Boko Haram, this online campaign brought international attention to the crisis and demanded action for their safe return. ### 8. **#FeesMustFall** (2015, South Africa) - **Hashtags:** #FeesMustFall - A student-led movement demanding free, decolonized education, initially aimed at addressing tuition fee increases and later expanding to broader social issues. ### 9. **NoDAPL / Water Is Life Movement** (2016-2017, United States) - **Hashtags:** #NoDAPL, #WaterIsLife, #StandWithStandingRock - Indigenous-led protests at Standing Rock against the Dakota Access Pipeline to protect water sources and Indigenous sovereignty, highlighting environmental and human rights concerns. ### 10. **Women’s March** (2017, United States, Global) - **Hashtags:** #WomensMarch, #WhyIMarch - In response to the inauguration of President Trump, millions worldwide marched for women’s rights and social justice, making it one of the largest single-day protests in U.S. history. ### 11. **#MeToo Movement** (2017, United States, Global) - **Hashtags:** #MeToo - A movement to raise awareness of sexual harassment and assault, particularly in the workplace, sparking a global conversation and shifts in accountability for sexual misconduct. ### 12. **March for Our Lives** (2018, United States) - **Hashtags:** #MarchForOurLives, #NeverAgain - Student-led protests against gun violence in response to the Parkland school shooting, advocating for stricter gun control and safer schools. ### 13. **Yellow Vest Movement** (2018-2020, France) - **Hashtags:** #GiletsJaunes, #YellowVests - Originally a protest against fuel taxes, it grew into a wider movement against economic inequality, with decentralized organization and significant social media coordination. ### 14. **Sudan Uprising** (2018-2019, Sudan) - **Hashtags:** #SudanUprising, #BlueForSudan - Protests began over rising costs and economic hardship, leading to the ousting of President Omar al-Bashir and calls for civilian rule in place of military governance. ### 15. **Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement** (2019, Hong Kong) - **Hashtags:** #AntiELAB, #StandWithHongKong - Protests against a bill that would allow extradition to mainland China, growing into a broader pro-democracy movement with decentralized organizing and creative “Be Water” tactics. ### 16. **Global Climate Strikes** (2019, Global) - **Hashtags:** #ClimateStrike, #FridaysForFuture - Inspired by activist Greta Thunberg, millions worldwide participated in strikes demanding urgent climate action from governments, creating one of the largest global youth-led movements. ### 17. **End SARS** (2020, Nigeria) - **Hashtags:** #EndSARS, #EndPoliceBrutality - Protests against Nigeria’s Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) and police brutality, leading to international attention and government promises for reform. ### 18. **Belarus Protests** (2020, Belarus) - **Hashtags:** #FreeBelarus, #BelarusProtests - Widespread protests following a disputed election accused of rigging in favor of President Alexander Lukashenko, leading to a brutal crackdown by authorities. ### 19. **Farmers’ Protest** (2020-2021, India) - **Hashtags:** #FarmersProtest, #StandWithFarmers - Massive protests by farmers opposing agricultural reforms that they feared would endanger their livelihoods, utilizing social media to mobilize support. ### 20. **2021 Myanmar Anti-Coup Protests** (2021, Myanmar) - **Hashtags:** #WhatsHappeningInMyanmar, #MilkTeaAlliance - After a military coup, people engaged in protests, strikes, and civil disobedience demanding a return to democracy, often facing violent military suppression. ### 21. **Iranian Protests** (2022, Iran) - **Hashtags:** #MahsaAmini, #IranProtests - Sparked by the death of Mahsa Amini in police custody, protests across Iran demanded women's rights and an end to government repression, with significant online mobilization. ### 22. **Peruvian Political Crisis Protests** (2022-2023, Peru) - **Hashtags:** #CrisisPeru, #PeruResiste - Protests erupted in response to a series of political crises, including presidential removals and police violence, with demonstrators demanding transparency and reform. ### 23. **French Pension Reform Protests** (2023, France) - **Hashtags:** #ReformeDesRetraites, #GreveGenerale - Major protests and strikes in opposition to President Emmanuel Macron's pension reform, with large-scale mobilization through unions and social media. ### 24. **Pan-African Climate Movement** (2023-2024, Multiple African countries) - **Hashtags:** #AfrikaVuka, #AfricaIsNotADump - A coalition of African climate activists demanding environmental justice, fighting against waste dumping and exploitative resource extraction on the continent. ### 25. **Guatemalan Anti-Corruption Protests** (2023-2024, Guatemala) - **Hashtags:** #JusticiaYa, #RenunciaYa - Protests against governmental corruption and mismanagement, with demonstrators calling for transparency, justice, and electoral reform. ### 26. **US Reproductive Rights Protests** (2022-2024, United States) - **Hashtags:** #BansOffOurBodies, #RoevWade - Mobilized in response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, with nationwide protests advocating for abortion rights and bodily autonomy. ### 27. **Heat Strike Movement** (2024-2025, Global) - **Hashtags:** #HeatStrike, #ClimateActionNow - A decentralized climate action movement advocating for measures to counter extreme heat and climate-related disasters, demanding climate adaptation and resilience policies. --- These movements reflect a trend toward decentralized organizing, driven by social media and online communication, which allowed activists to rapidly mobilize, amplify their messages, and gain global support. Each movement addressed specific local grievances, yet shared common methods of resistance and solidarity across borders, often inspired by one another’s tactics and successes.