# Pascal's Triangle **A visual arrangement of the [[Binomial Theorem#Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficients]] in an infinite triangle.** ![[Pascal'sTriangle.svg|350]] *The first 6 rows of Pascal's triangle* *Pascal's triangle* visually represents the patterns of the binomial coefficients. The row and column indices are notated as $n$ and $k$ and start from zero. It can be constructed by beginning with a $1$ at the top with each entry of subsequent rows being the *sum of the two entries immediately to the top-left and top-right*. All values of entries outside the triangle can be thought of as $0$. ![[Pascal'sTriangleConstruction.svg|300]] ## Formula The entries of Pascal's triangle can also be filled with a [[recurrence relation]]. In the $n$th row, the $k$th entry is given by the [[Binomial Theorem#Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficient]] $\binom{n}{k}$. The coefficient can be determined with its formula for recursively from other entries of the triangle. $\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n-1}{k-1}+\binom{n-1}{k}$ An alternate formula allows each successive entry of a row to be more easily calculated. $\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{k-1}\times\frac{n+1-k}{k}$ ## Patterns ### Coefficients of binomial expansions The *coefficients* of a binomial expansion to the power of $n$ are the entries of the $n$th row of Pascal's triangle. ![[Pascal'sTriangleBinomialExpansion.svg]] *The expansion of the power of four of a binomial and rows $2$ to $5$ of Pascal's triangle* ### Figurate numbers of simplexes The *diagonals* in both directions of Pascal's triangle starting from the row $n = 2$ contain the [[simplex]] numbers of consecutive dimensions. The first diagonals contain only $1s and the second diagonal contains all of the natural numbers. By the nature of the triangle, the $n$th $d$-simplex number is equal to the $d$th $n$-simplex number and can be determined recursively or using [[Binomial Theorem#Binomial coefficient|binomial coefficients]]. $P_{d}(n)=P_{d}(n- 1)+P_{d}(n)=\binom{n+d-1}{d}$ ![[Pascal'sTriangleSimplexNumbers.svg]] ### Fibonacci numbers In a left-justified Pascal's triangle the diagonals from the top-right to bottom-left sum to the Fibonacci numbers. ![[Pascal'sTriangleFibonacci.svg|400]]