### Introduction In this lesson we'll learn to fly three important maneuvers: rectangular patterns, S-turns, and turns around a point. Collectively, these are known as Ground Reference Maneuvers. These are maneuvers that we demonstrate at relatively low altitude (600'-1000' AGL) while maintaining a fixed distance or relationship from landmarks on the ground. These maneuvers are designed to demonstrate your command of the aircraft, and require the ability to compensate for wind while maintaining a desired course.  You'll use these skills to help fly a correct traffic pattern, and to maintain the desired course during cross-country flight. And of course, you'll need to demonstrate them on the checkride. **Pre-Lesson Reading/Homework:** [[~ PPL Pre-Lesson Reading]] **Builds On:** [[PPL1.2 Four Fundamentals of Flight]] **Schedule:** 1 hour ground, 2 hours flight ### CFI Equipment GPS/Sentry/ADS-B In ### Lesson Elements 1. Effect of wind during ground reference maneuvers 1. Effects of wind on ground track and crab angle![[Wind Drift.jpeg]] 2. Effect of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn (relative to ground)![[Effect of Wind on Turn.jpeg]] 2. Use [[Maneuvering Speed]] ([[Va]]) 1. This speed changes with weight -- more weight raises maneuvering speed 3. Rate of turn and bank angle changes with ground speed -- more ground speed means more bank needed 4. [[Finding Wind Direction]] 5. Flying all maneuvers ([[CHAPS]]) 1. Select location without excessive traffic, and with suitable emergency landing fields 2. Select altitude (600'-1000' [[agl]]) and appropriate airspeed for maneuver 1. Once power is set correctly, shouldn't need to change it in the maneuver 3. Check for traffic in area before and between each maneuver 4. Divide attention between airplane control, traffic, and ground references 5. Be aware of low altitude hazards like wires 6. Maneuver Specific 1. Rectangular Course![[Rectangular Course.jpeg]] 1. Select suitable reference 2. Enter 45° to the downwind leg, left or right traffic 3. Aim for 1/4-1/2 mile from reference, account for wind 4. Turn crosswind from downwind when you are abeam the crosswind reference line 5. This maneuver simulates flying the traffic pattern 2. Turns Around a Point![[Turns Around a Point.jpeg]] 1. Select suitable reference 2. Enter downwind, 1/4-1/2mi from reference 3. Tailwind: Steeper bank; Headwind: Shallower bank 4. Note sarting point 5. Use 4 points along circle to help maintain constant radius 3. S-Turns![[S-Turns.jpeg]] 1. Select suitable reference, perpendicular to wind 2. Enter downwind 4. Tailwind: Steeper bank; Headwind: Shallower bank 3. Use 5 points on S-turn to help maintain constant radius 4. Wings level and parallel to reference as you cross 7. Common errors 1. Forgetting to check for traffic or to locate emergency field 2. Failure to divide attention between aircraft control, instrument check, ground references, traffic and situational awareness 3. Improper correction for wind drift 4. Lack of rudder coordination 5. Failure to maintain altitude or airspeed throughout the maneuver 6. Changing power during the maneuver ### Completion Standards Client must demonstrate the ability to choose an appropriate location, select a safe entry speed, and perform the maneuvers to ACS standards. > [!success]- Tolerances (Partial) from [[Private Pilot ACS|ACS]] > ±100'; ±10kts; constant radius ### Resources - [[Private Pilot ACS]] Section V.B ### Required Homework None ### Recommended Homework - [ ] Chair fly maneuvers *Return to [[~ PPL Lesson Plan Outline|Table of Contents]]^*