ADM - CFI Commonplace Book - Obsidian Publish

# Key Takeaways - Ongoing process used by pilots to determine the best course of action when facing a given set of circumstances - The [[3P Model]] can be used to make good, time-critical decisions - Some situations require automatic decision-making based on training and experience # Details > [!note] From [[PHAK Ch2]] > ADM is a systematic approach to risk assessment and stress management. To understand ADM is to also understand how personal attitudes can influence decision-making and how those attitudes can be modified to enhance safety in the flight deck. It is important to understand the factors that cause humans to make decisions and how the decision-making process not only works, but can be improved. The three models of a structured framework for problem-solving and decision-making are: [[5P Model|5P]], [[3P Model|3P]] (using [[PAVE]], [[CARE]], and [[TEAM]]), and [[DECIDE]] models. ## Evaluating the Situation (5Ps) A pilot must know the areas that present challenges and opportunities while flying. The [[5P Model]] helps itemize these areas, and should be reviewed at key times of a flight.^[Preflight, pretakeoff, hourly or at the midpoint of the flight, pre-descent, and just before the final approach fix or (for VFR operations) just before entering the traffic pattern.] > [!summary] The 5Ps > 1. The Plan > 2. The Plane > 3. The Pilot > 4. The Passengers > 5. The Programming By considering each of these, a pilot can make the appropriate decision required by the current situation. ## Time-Critical Decisions Most decisions a pilot makes are time-sensitive. Depending on the circumstances, either **analytical decision-making** or **automatic decision-making** may be more appropriate. ![[Analytical and Automatic Decision Making.png]] ### Analytical Decision-Making If time allows, the [[3P Model|3P]] or [[DECIDE]] model can be used. #### 3P 3P is simpler and often favored in practice. > [!summary] 3Ps > 1. **Perceive** the current set of circumstances for the flight > 2. **Process** by evaluating their potential impact on flight safety > 3. **Perform** by implementing the best course of action Each of Perceive, Process, and Perform have their own acronyms to ensure completeness. 1. Perceive with [[PAVE]]: Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, External Pressures 2. Process with [[CARE]]: Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External Pressures 3. Perform with [[TEAM]]: Transfer, Eliminate, Accept, Mitigate > [!warning] A good rule of thumb for the processing phase > If you find yourself saying that it will "probably" be okay, it is time for a reality check. For an example of this, see the #case-study in [Aeronautical Decision-Making: A Quick Night Flight With the 3Ps](https://cfijack.com/aeronautical-decision-making-with-the-3ps/) by [[CFI Jack]]. #### DECIDE DECIDE is more complete and emphasizes the feedback loop inherent to good decision-making. > [!summary] DECIDE > 1. **Detect** that a change has occurred > 2. **Estimate** the need to counter or react to the change > 3. **Choose** a desirable outcome > 4. **Identify** actions which could successfully control the change > 5. **Do**. Take the necessary action > 6. **Evaluate** the effect of the action countering the change ### Automatic/Naturalistic Decision-Making When time is not available, experts may fall back on their past experiences. This allows them to clarify options quickly and select a workable option. This naturalistic or automatic decision-making improves with training and experience. However, it is more susceptible to [[operational pitfalls]] and issues like confirmation bias. # Additional Resources - [[PHAK Ch2]] - [[AC 60-22]] - [[Risk Management Handbook]] - [ALC-28: The Art of Aeronautical Decision-Making](https://www.faasafety.gov/files/helpcontent/Courses/ALC-28%20The%20Art%20of%20Aeronautical%20Decision-Making/content/index.html#/) ***Meaning*** :: Aeronautical Decision-Making ***Definition*** :: A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances ***Source*** :: [[PHAK Ch2]], [[AC 60-22]] #glossary #acronym #concept