up:: [[HD 2230 Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience]] Tags:: #🌱 # Emotions and stress in Behavioral Neuroscience Strong arousal can produce an inappropriate emotion. For example, you become incredibly happy and start crying. What are the four theories of emotion? [[Five theories of emotion]] ###### What occurs if the cortex is removed in regards to emotionality? Animals start showing rage like behaviors because the cortex is theorized to send inhibitory signals to the limbic system stopping rage behavior. # [[Fear]] in Behavioral Neuroscience ###### What two reasons make fear easier to study than other emotions in animals? 1. It's universal among all animals. Therefore you can reliably induce fear in ways you can codify in most animals. 2. It's easier to differentiate between other emotions like joy and sadness. ### How is a fear response integrated in the human brain? We receive stimuli from light entering our eyes to the retina which gets transduced into action potentials by rods and cones and transmitted to the thalamus (see: [[Visual sensation and perception]]). The thalamus sends these action potentials to the sensory cortex which then identifies what you see through the [[Vision sensation and perception#What are the dorsal and ventral streams responsible for in vision?|ventral stream]] and gets sent to the hippocampus and amygdala. The hippocampus integrates memory that has factual content while amygdala integrates memory that has emotional content combining to form a response. ![[Pasted image 20221109102124.png]] ###### What is the difference in roles between anterior cingulate and the amygdala? The amygdala and anterior cingulate directly inhibit each other. They both are highly effected by our memories incorporating emotional information. ![[Pasted image 20221107105542.png]] The amygdala applies more automatic responses to strong emotional situations and modulates memory storage in other brain regions. Anterior cingulate applies intention to these emotional situations. Our amygdala is responsible for our [[Protopassion]]s and our anterior cingulate is responsible for our intentional response after the fact. ![[Pasted image 20221109104022.png]] ###### What are the differences between the high road and low road pathways to the amygdala? The high road has sensory information go to the sensory cortex and hippocampus before it reaches the amygdala whereas the low road has the sensory information go straight to the amygdala. ![[Pasted image 20221109103317.png]] ###### What are the two layers of the Amygdala and their differences? The lateral nucleus and central nucleus which projects to different brain nuclei to cause emotional behavior, autonomic responses, and hormonal responses. ![[Pasted image 20221109102723.png]] ###### What is the role of the PFC in fear learning and response? The PFC is integral in inhibiting fear responses as well as unlearning learned fear responses. Research shows lesions to the PFC make it extremely difficult for rats to unlearn fear responses. It is also responsible in thinking and preparing for a fearful or painful event. ###### What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary hardship in fear response? [[Voluntary hardship causes less psychological pain than involuntary hardship|voluntary hardship isn't nearly as fear invoking as involuntary hardship.]] # Stress The typical definition of stress is the collection of negative emotional and physiological responses that occur when we try to deal with stressors. ###### What is the definition of stressors? Stressors are anything that force you to make adjustments. ###### What is the difference between acute and chronic stress? Acute stress is stress that happens momentarily where as chronic stress happens over a sustained period. Chronic stress is terrible for you where as acute stress is great. ###### What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary hardship on stress? Voluntary hardship leads to less negative stress than involuntary hardship. ###### What is the relationship between exercise and stress according to [[Burn]]? One of the reasons exercise is so good for you is because it regulates your metabolism by reducing energy put forth in chronically releasing cortisol. ### What are some core mitigating factors for stress? 1. Individual appraisal 2. Control over the stressful situation 3. Predictability of the stressful event 4. Coping resources 5. Coping skills 6. Social support network Related: ___ # Resources