--- ## Structure of an atom - All atoms have very small [[Nucleus]] made of [[Protons]] and [[Neutrons]] which is surrounded by [[Electrons]]. Atoms are also, mostly empty space since the nucleus is **so small** and the electrons are so far away from it *relatively*. --- ## Subatomic Particles - [[Electrons]] **e-** have a **negative** electrical charge and are located **outside** the nucleus of an atom. - Electrons and their configuration around an atom give an element many of its chemical properties - [[Protons]] **p** have a **positive** electrical charge are located **inside** the nucleus of an atom contributing **one atomic mass unit**. They along with neutrons make up the mass of an atom. - Second heaviest particle in an atom with the electron being significantly less. - [[Neutrons]] **n** have a **neutral** electrical charge and contribute **one atomic mass unit** to an atom. They are located **inside** the nucleus of an atom. - They are the **heaviest** particle in an atom. --- ## Atomic Notation - Atomic number is the number of **protons**. - Chemical elements that differ in the number of **Neutrons** are considered isotopes. - Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons and 6 protons. - Must have equal number of protons. - An [[Ion]] is an element that has an uneven number of [[Protons]] and [[Electrons]] - Protons - Electrons = charge > [!quote] > ##### Atomic notation > ![[Atomic Notation.png]] > ##### **An [[Ion]] can be denoted in the top right corner using + or - which will occur if there is a differing amount of [[Neutrons]] and [[Electrons]].** --- ## Atomic Mass - Atomic mass describes the average weight of the most common isotopes of an element, taking in to consideration how abundant they are on earth. >[!quote] >##### Atomic mass equation ><br> > >![[Atomic structure atomic mass equation.png]] --- ## Other facts The diameter of an atom is 10 to the fifth times larger then the nucleus. - The nucleolus is positively charged. - The angstrom (A) is a unit of atomic distance A = diameter of 1 atom. --- ## Bhor's model of the atom - Bhor's model was new and unique at the time because he suggested that electrons orbit around the atom at specific *[[Orbitals]]* as seen in the image below. It ultimately was proved incorrect by the advent of [[Quantum mechanics]]. >[!quote] >##### Bhor's model of the atom ><br> > >![[Pasted image 20230111131302.png | 400]] --- ## [[Quantum mechanics]] - After Bhor's model a new model was needed to explain the distribution of electrons around the atom which is what [[Quantum mechanics]] allows us to do using an electron's **wave function**. - For more information on this see [[Orbitals]]. --- #mainpage